Prognostic Utility of a New Risk Stratification Protocol for Secondary Prevention in Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation
by
, , and
Ignacio Cabrera-Aguilera
1,2,3
,
Consolació Ivern
2,4,
Neus Badosa
2,4,
Ester Marco
5,6,7,
Xavier Duran
8,
Diana Mojón
4,
Miren Vicente
4,
Marc Llagostera
4,
Nuria Farré
2,4,7,* and
Sonia Ruíz-Bustillo
2,4,9 1
Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
2
Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
3
Department of Human Movement Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
4
Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
5
Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Parc de Salut Mar (Hospital del Mar—Hospital de l’Esperança), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
6
Rehabilitation Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
7
Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
8
Methodological and Biostatistical Advisory Service, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
9
Department of Medicine, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071910
Submission received: 5 February 2022
/
Revised: 16 March 2022
/
Accepted: 24 March 2022
/
Published: 30 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights from Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Cardiac Rehabilitation)
Abstract
:Several risk scores have been used to predict risk after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but none of these risk scores include functional class. The aim was to assess the predictive value of risk stratification (RS), including functional class, and how cardiac rehabilitation (CR) changed RS. Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with ACS from an ambispective observational registry were stratified as low (L) and no-low (NL) risk and classified according to exercise compliance; low risk and exercise (L-E), low risk and control (no exercise) (L-C), no-low risk and exercise (NL-E), and no-low risk and control (NL-C). The primary endpoint was cardiac rehospitalization. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify variables independently associated with the primary endpoint. The L group included 56.7% of patients. The primary endpoint was higher in the NL group (18.4% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, and exercise in multivariable analysis, HR (95% CI) was 3.83 (1.51–9.68) for cardiac rehospitalization. For RS and exercise, the prognosis varied: the L-E group had a cardiac rehospitalization rate of 2.5% compared to 26.1% in the NL-C group (p < 0.001). Completing exercise training was associated with reclassification to low-risk, associated with a better outcome. This easy-to-calculate risk score offers robust prognostic information. No-exercise groups were independently associated with the worst outcomes. Exercise-based CR program changed RS, improving classification and prognosis.
1. Introduction
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), one of the main manifestations of ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a leading cause of death worldwide [1]. Many advances in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment (e.g., ST-elevation myocardial infarction primary angioplasty initiatives) have been achieved [2]. However, morbidity and mortality remain high. In addition, several risk scores have been used to predict risk in patients with ACS [3,4]. However, these risk scores are mainly based on in-hospital parameters such as Killip–Kimball class, ST-segment abnormalities, and cardiac biomarkers, among other clinical parameters. Remarkably, none of these risk scores include functional class. In addition, cardiorespiratory capacity estimated by metabolic equivalent (METS) has been consistently associated with prognosis; in ischemic heart disease, patients with poor cardiorespiratory capacity have a much worse prognosis [5,6]. Similarly, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a well-known prognosis factor, is not always included in the risk scores most used.
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after an ACS has a class I indication. However, CR remains widely underused. There are several reasons for this underuse. Patients identify distance, work responsibilities, lack of time, transportation problems, and comorbidities as the most significant barriers to enrolment [7]. Another limitation is logistics, as supervised exercise by physiotherapists, rehabilitation physicians, and cardiologists might not be available in all healthcare settings. To overcome this limitation, there have been several attempts to identify low-risk patients who could perform the unsupervised exercise at home or in a primary care setting. The Spanish Society of Cardiology (SSC) developed a CR protocol stratifying patients based on several parameters. The most relevant parameters were obtained from the echocardiogram and the exercise stress test during hospitalization or after hospital discharge [8]. Patients were categorized as low, mid, and high risk according to this classification. However, the SSC-EXCELENTE cardiac rehabilitation committee later proposed classifying patients only as low (L) or no-low risk (NL). This classification is consistent with that of other international entities and studies that indicate that all patients who are not at low risk should be considered high risk [9,10,11]. This stratification helps decide where the patient will perform the exercise training, but, surprisingly, it is unknown whether this simple classification can help identify patients with a bad prognosis.
Finally, completing the exercise training of a CR program is associated with an improvement in cardiorespiratory capacity measured by an increase in the METS achieved in the exercise stress test and has also been associated with an increase in LVEF [12,13]. Whether the improvements in function class and LVEF lead to a change in the low vs. no-low risk stratification (RS) and prognosis is substantially unknown.
Hence, the study aimed to assess whether an easy-to-calculate RS could identify patients with a worse prognosis, and how exercise-based CR changed this stratification.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population and Study Variables
After an ACS, all patients from the Hospital del Mar reference area are referred to the cardiac rehabilitation unit. From November 2016 to September 2019, 497 were assessed at the cardiac rehabilitation unit and included in the Ambispective Risk Optimization—Acute Coronary Syndrome (Risk-Op-ACS) registry (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03619395). We included patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), and unstable angina (UA). The diagnosis was made following the European Society of Cardiology guidelines [14,15]. The main exclusion criteria in the CR unit were patients from other health areas, those with a severe language barrier, or patients who refused to participate. For the present study, we only included patients with an assessment of cardiorespiratory capacity by exercise stress testing both at baseline and at the end of the rehabilitation program [16]. Thus, the final study sample included 238 patients.
We collected baseline demographic and clinical data and follow-up events. Follow-up was performed by directly contacting patients or relatives or reviewing medical records.
2.2. Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
The cardiac rehabilitation unit at the Hospital del Mar is an interdisciplinary program that combines interventions performed by cardiologists, nurses, rehabilitation physicians, physiotherapists, and psychiatrists. Detailed information on the unit’s characteristics has been previously described [16]. Briefly, all patients with an ACS receive education by specialized nurses on healthy habits during the ACS hospitalization, at 3 and 12 months after inclusion. Patients attend weekly group sessions with healthcare professionals to reinforce their health education. Finally, all patients are referred to participate in the exercise training component. Cardiorespiratory fitness is assessed at enrollment by a treadmill stress test. According to the patients’ characteristics, treadmill stress test and RS, rehabilitation physicians prescribe the setting, level, and type of exercise recommended to each patient. The ET intervention consists of 25 one-hour sessions, five times per week for five weeks. After five-minute warm-up and conditioning, each session begins with thirty minutes of exercise on a cycle ergometer at 80% of effort assessed by cardiorespiratory capacity test followed by twenty minutes of strength and resistance training of both upper and lower extremities with a load of 10 repetitions maximum (10 RM) and ending with a period of five minutes cool-down. The workload progression is adjusted weekly according to the patient’s tolerance by the Borg perceived effort scale. Sessions are supervised by an expert physiotherapist, using continuous heart rate and pulse oximetry monitoring. Once the patients complete the 25 sessions, a treadmill stress test is carried out to re-evaluate cardiorespiratory functional status. In patients with reduced baseline LVEF, an echocardiogram is repeated during follow-up at the discretion of their treating cardiologist.
2.3. Cardiac Risk Stratification Process
All patients were stratified according to the risk level score developed by the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SSC) and the recommendation of the SSC-EXCELENTE committee of cardiac rehabilitation [8,9]. Patients in the no-low group had one or more of these parameters: cardiorespiratory capacity <7 METs, angina during the stress test, ST depression >2 mm with heart rate <135 bpm, hypotensive response to exercise or malignant ventricular arrhythmias, reversible wall defects with stress thallium, reinfarction, residual ischemia, depression/anxiety, frailty, history of decompensated heart failure during ACS admission, and LVEF <49%. Patients in the low group comprised all the other patients. The main goal of this classification is to identify low-risk patients who can safely complete the ET component of the cardiac rehabilitation in a setting other than the hospital and, thus, make ET more accessible to all the patients who may benefit from it.
Some patients did not complete the exercise training program for several reasons and were considered the control group. Therefore, we classified the patients into four groups according to exercise compliance and risk stratification: low risk and exercise (L-E), low risk and no exercise (control) (L-C), no-low risk and exercise (NL-E), and no-low risk and no exercise (control) (NL-C).
2.4. Aims and Endpoint
The study’s primary aim was to evaluate whether a low and no-low risk stratification can help predict outcomes in patients with a recent ACS. The primary endpoint was cardiac rehospitalization. Cardiac rehospitalization was defined as any cardiac event that required hospital admission for more than 24 h and included: arrhythmias, heart failure, SCA, and unplanned coronary revascularization.
The secondary endpoints were to evaluate whether this risk stratification is modified by participating in exercise training (ET) and to assess whether changes in the group risk classification over time affect prognosis. Finally, we evaluated whether a low and no-low risk stratification was associated with the primary endpoint’s individual endpoints.
2.5. Ethics
The study was designed in compliance with the ethical principles set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki. The data included in this study incorporated both data from a prospective and retrospective registry. The prospective registry was carried out from July 2018 to September 2019. The Ethics Committee of the Hospital del Mar (Parc de Salut Mar) approved the study (N° 2018/7896/I), and all patients provided written informed consent. To increase the sample size, and given that the same protocol had been carried out before, the Ethics Committee approved including patients from November 2016 to June 2018 retrospectively. It waived the need for written informed consent in this group.
2.6. Statistics
Data for continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) based on normality distribution assessed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test or Shapiro–Wilk test for smaller groups. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (n) and percentages (%). Differences in baseline characteristics and risk variation between groups previously defined by risk stratification were tested using Chi-square, Student’s t, or Mann–Whitney U test as needed. For baseline characteristics between groups previously defined by exercise compliance and risk stratification, one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. Minimal detectable change was calculated following previous studies [17]. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model to examine the association between risk groups and cardiac rehospitalization. Variables with an overall significance value of p < 0.05 were entered for multiple Cox regression analysis to identify the strongest predictors for event-free survival. We also included sex, as it is a well-known risk factor. The model was adjusted for potential confounders selected by stepwise forward inclusion, among patient characteristics previously defined.
The number of events per degree of freedom was fairly small, and below the rule of thumb established at 10 events per variable. However, the convenience of this rule of thumb has been largely discussed in the literature in recent years [18]. The proportional hazard assumption, checked by examining residuals (for overall model and variable by variable), was not violated. The log-rank test was performed to compare Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Differences from baseline to follow-up in RS were evaluated using the McNemar test. All analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v25 (Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8.0 (San Diego, CA, USA). For all tests, p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3. Results
Baseline clinical characteristics of the study population divided by risk groups are summarized in Table 1. In brief, most participants were middle-aged men admitted due to STEMI and who had a one-vessel disease and preserved ejection fraction. Overall, 56.7% of the patients were in the low-risk group. The main differences between groups were age (59.3 years in the low risk vs. 63.3 years in the no-low risk, p = 0.006), ejection fraction (51 vs. 60%, respectively, p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (15.6 vs. 27.2%, p = 0.028) and glycated hemoglobin levels (5.6 vs. 5.7%, p = 0.007). Supplementary Table S1 shows the difference between patients included in this study and patients who were not.
The median (interquartile range) absolute METs gained in the whole cohort who completed the ET was 1.0 (0.2–2.0). As summarized in Table 2, METs achieved were higher in the low-risk group at baseline and follow-up. Patients in the no-low risk group significantly increased the METs gained (Table 2).
The median follow-up was 31 (23–39) months. Table 2 and Table 3 show that the primary endpoint of cardiac rehospitalization was higher in the no-low risk group (18.4% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001, univariable hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.32 (1.73–10.82)). In multivariable analysis, after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and the completion of the exercise training, the HR (95% CI) was 3.83 (1.51–9.68) (Table 3). Figure 1A shows the Kaplan–Meier survival curve with a better prognosis in the low-risk group. Supplementary Table S2 shows the difference between patients with cardiac rehospitalization and patients without. Interestingly, the only differences were the presence of hyperlipidemia, anemia, and the number of coronary arteries affected.
Table 4 shows the differences in baseline characteristics and prognosis according to the risk group and the completion of the exercise training. Only 15.6% were in the control group, and of those, 37.8% were in the low-risk group, and 62.2% were in the no-low group. In the exercise group, 60% were in the low-risk group and 39.8% in the no-low risk group. Interestingly, the only differences between groups were age and glycated hemoglobin. Outcomes were different (Table 5 and Figure 1B), with cardiac rehospitalization of 2.5% in the low-risk exercise group compared to 26.1% in the no-low no-exercise (control) group (p < 0.001).
Figure 2 shows the change in the risk classification after the training exercise (or repeated treadmill exercise stress test in the control group). Significant increase (from 56.7% to 77.3%, p < 0.001) and decrease (from 43.3% to 22.7%, p < 0.001) were observed in low and no-low groups respectively. Participation in the exercise training was associated with a significantly higher proportion of patients classified as low risk (McNemar test, p < 0.001). All patients in the low-risk group (both in the control and exercise group) remained at low risk. Of patients in the no-low risk group, 60.9% remained in the no-low risk group in the control group, compared with 50% of patients who remained in the no-low risk group in the exercise group. Figure 1C shows that the patients who remained in the no-low group had a worse prognosis. However, patients whose functional class improved enough to be in the low-risk group had a similar outcome to those who were always in the low-risk group. Figure 1D shows that patients in the exercise group who changed to low risk had an excellent prognosis. Those who remained in the no-low risk group had a prognosis similar to the control group.
4. Discussion
One of the most relevant findings from this study was that 56.7% of patients who had been admitted due to an ACS were low-risk according to an easy-to-calculate score that included cardiorespiratory capacity and left ventricular ejection fraction. Cardiac rehospitalization in the no-low risk group was significantly higher than in the low-risk group (HR 3.83 (95 CI 1.51–9.68)). The completion of the exercise program was also independently associated with a better prognosis, and 50% of the patients in the no-low risk group who completed it became low-risk.
Baseline characteristics did not differentiate patients in the low- and no-low risk groups. The only differences were age and diabetes, but these variables were not strikingly different. Indeed, the mean age was 61.0 ± 10.5, and there was only a 4-year difference between groups. In some of the most used risk scores, this difference would not have made significant changes in stratification. Indeed, the GRACE and TIMI score considers age a risk when the patient is older than 65 years [19,20,21]. Diabetes is a significant risk factor among patients suffering from a myocardial infarction. It is included in the GRACE score [22], and glycated hemoglobin after an ACS might also predict future events [23,24]. In our study, diabetes was more prevalent in the no-low risk group (27.2 vs. 45.6%, p = 0.028). Although glycated hemoglobin was statistically higher in the no-low risk group, the differences were clinically not relevant (5.7% (5.4–6.7) vs. 5.6% (5.3–5.8), p = 0.007). Compared to patients who did not decide to participate in the ET, patients in the present study were younger, less frequently female, and with less past medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, anemia, and past acute coronary syndrome or acute coronary syndrome myocardial infarction. These differences are consistent with previous literature [25].
As expected, due to the variables included in the stratification protocol, LVEF and cardiorespiratory capacity differed between both groups. However, it is worth noting that the median LVEF was >50% in both groups. Interestingly, although patients in the low-risk group had higher METs (10.3 vs. 8.3, p < 0.001), both groups had good cardiorespiratory capacity. Several studies have shown that METs vary with age, but patients in their 50 s and 60 s have a cardiorespiratory capacity of 6 to 10 METs [26,27]. Our cohort comprised middle-aged males with a high prevalence of risk factors but a relatively low prevalence of comorbidities and previous ACS. Moreover, most patients had one-vessel disease and presented with STEMI. Therefore, it is likely that this cohort was reasonable fit before the ACS. After completing the ET, there was an increase in the relative increase and total METs achieved in the treadmill stress test. Although not significant, there was also an increase in the absolute increase of METs achieved by the four groups (0.3 to 1.3 METS in the low-risk control and no-low risk and ET). This absolute increase is similar to the 0.52 to 1.55 METs increase described in other studies and meta-analyses [28]. It also compares favorably to the 0.21 minimal detectable change expected.
The low-risk patients had a cardiac rehospitalization rate much lower than the no-low risk group (4.4% vs. 18.4%, p < 0.001). After multivariable analysis, patients in the no-low risk group had a worse prognosis with an HR 3.83 (95% CI 1.51–9.68) for the primary endpoint. Other risk scores have shown that prognosis after an ACS worsens with increased risk. Risk stratification of the GRACE score indicated that the mortality risk of the intermediate-risk and high-risk groups was higher with an HR 3.23 (1.59–6.55) for the intermediate-risk group and HR 15.31 (4.43–51.62) for the highest risk group. Similar results were observed with MACCE risk [29]. Still, different endpoints, follow-up periods, and baseline characteristics can explain the differences in outcomes with our results, especially in the high-risk group. Hospitalization due to heart failure was infrequent in our cohort (two patients, 1.7%) and was numerically much higher in the no-low risk group. Five percent of the patients experienced hospitalization due to an arrhythmic event, which was more frequent in the no-low risk group. This finding is consistent with previous reports that showed benefits of CR in patients with arrhythmia [30].
Finally, this study showed that all patients initially classified in the low-risk group remained in this group. However, completion of the exercise training was associated with reclassification from the no-low to low-risk group more frequently than in the control group. The no-low risk group who completed the exercise training had the most significant improvement with a relative increase of 14.3% in the METS achieved in the treadmill stress test. This reclassification was associated with a better outcome. Although several studies and meta-analyses have shown that exercise training is associated with a better prognosis [31,32,33], few studies have analyzed whether the change in risk categories is associated with prognosis. The proposed risk score could identify no-low risk patients soon after an ACS and add further prognostic information after an exercise training program.
The main limitation of this study is that the results might not apply to other settings as a single-center observational study. Some of the patients were included retrospectively, which might lead to bias. However, we believe that the risk of bias is low since all patients followed the same protocol and that the information was documented in the medical record in a structured way
5. Conclusions
Given that this easy-to-calculate routine risk stratification method offers prognostic information, it should be used in all patients after an ACS. Low-risk patients had an excellent prognosis compared to the no-low risk group. Exercise-based CR program showed the ability to change risk stratification, improving functional classification and prognosis of these patients who initially belonged to the no-low risk and ended as low risk. Therefore, this risk stratification score could identify patients suitable for exercise training in an unsupervised setting and identify low-risk patients with excellent prognosis at follow-up.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jcm11071910/s1, Table S1: Baseline characteristics between patients who attended cardiac rehabilitation and the whole cohort of ambispective registry; Table S2: Baseline characteristics between patients who had cardiac readmission and those who did not.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.R.-B., N.B., I.C.-A. and N.F.; methodology, S.R.-B. and N.F.; software, I.C.-A.; validation, S.R.-B., N.F. and I.C.-A.; formal analysis, I.C.-A., X.D. and N.F.; investigation, N.B., C.I., M.V., M.L., D.M. and I.C.-A.; data curation, I.C.-A.; writing—original draft preparation, I.C.-A. and N.F.; writing—review and editing, E.M. and S.R.-B.; supervision, N.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
I. Cabrera-Aguilera is supported by ANID-PFCHA—Chilean Doctorate Fellowship 2017; Grant No. 72180089.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted according to the guidelines and designed in compliance with the ethical principles set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital del Mar (Parc de Salut Mar) (N° 2018/7896/I).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the prospective study. Patient consent was waived for patients included retrospectively.
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves according to the different risk groups. Panel (A): Global risk stratification. Panel (B): Exercise compliance classification. Panel (C): Rehabilitation risk stratification variation. Panel (D): Rehabilitation exercise compliance risk stratification variation. L, Low-risk group; NL, No-low risk group; C, Control; E, exercise; L-L, low to low risk; NL-L, No-low to low risk; NL-NL, No-low to no-low risk.
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves according to the different risk groups. Panel (A): Global risk stratification. Panel (B): Exercise compliance classification. Panel (C): Rehabilitation risk stratification variation. Panel (D): Rehabilitation exercise compliance risk stratification variation. L, Low-risk group; NL, No-low risk group; C, Control; E, exercise; L-L, low to low risk; NL-L, No-low to low risk; NL-NL, No-low to no-low risk.
Figure 2.
Risk stratification variation.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the low and no-low groups.
| Characteristic/Variable | L (n = 135) | NL (n = 103) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric | |||
| Age (years) | 59.3 ± 10.2 | 63.3 ± 10.6 | 0.006 |
| Women | 19 (14.1) | 17 (16.5) | 0.604 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (24.7–29.3) | 26.9 (24.9–30.5) | 0.631 |
| Risk factors and comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 64 (47.4) | 56 (54.4) | 0.287 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 92 (68.1) | 65 (63.1) | 0.416 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (15.6) | 28 (27.2) | 0.028 |
| Current smoker | 59 (43.7) | 33 (32.0) | 0.288 |
| Previous smoker > 1 year | 42 (31.1) | 35 (34.0) | |
| Previous smoker < 1 year | 5 (3.7) | 5 (4.9) | |
| COPD | 5 (3.7) | 10 (9.7) | 0.059 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (2.2) | 7 (6.8) | 0.081 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (4.4) | 3 (2.9) | 0.539 |
| Anemia | 13 (9.3) | 13 (12.6) | 0.464 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (2.2) | 5 (4.9) | 0.264 |
| Diagnostics | |||
| STEMI | 60 (40.4) | 46 (44.7) | 0.684 |
| NSTEMI | 54 (40.0) | 37 (35.9) | |
| Unstable angina | 21 (15.6) | 20 (19.4) | |
| Previous ACS-MI | 17 (12.6) | 18 (17.5) | 0.292 |
| One vessel disease | 84 (62.2) | 51 (49.5) | 0.133 |
| Two vessels disease | 29 (21.5) | 26 (25.2) | |
| Three vessels disease | 17 (16.2) | 24 (23.3) | |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 60 (55.0–63.5) | 51 (43.5–60.0) | <0.001 |
| Exercise testing | |||
| METs | 10.3 (9.1–12.4) | 8.3 (6.6–9.8) | <0.001 |
| Maximum predicted heart rate (%) | 81 (73.0–89.0) | 79 (67.0–87.0) | 0.073 |
| Peak systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 154 (142–173) | 148 (132–165) | 0.055 |
| Blood test | |||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 104 (94–124) | 116 (99–151) | 0.005 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.6 (5.3–5.8) | 5.7 (5.4–6.7) | 0.007 |
| LDLc, mg/dL | 117 (90–136) | 107(81–136) | 0.323 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or numbers (n) and percentages (%). L, Low group; NL, No-low group; ACS, acute coronary syndrome-myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV, cardiovascular; METs, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Table 2.
Outcomes according to the low and no-low groups.
| Outcomes | L (n = 135) | NL (n = 103) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up METs | 11.8 (9.8–13.3) | 9.8 (7.9–11.4) | <0.001 |
| Relative increase in METs (%) | 7.6 (0.0–17.4) | 12.3 (2.6–27.4) | 0.019 |
| Absolute increase in METs | 0.8 (0.0–1.9) | 1.1 (0.2–2.1) | 0.173 |
| All causes re-admission | 27 (20.0) | 39 (37.9) | 0.002 |
| All causes death | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.9) | 0.104 |
| Cardiac rehospitalization | 6 (4.4) | 19 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.9) | 0.197 |
| Arrythmias | 2 (1.5) | 10 (9.7) | 0.004 |
| Revascularization | 4 (3.0) | 9 (8.7) | 0.052 |
| New ACS | 0 (0.0) | 7 (6.8) | 0.002 |
Data are median (IQR) or numbers (n) and percentages (%). L, Low group; NL, No-low group; ACS, acute coronary syndrome-myocardial infarction; METs, metabolic equivalent.
Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses for cardiac rehospitalization.
| Univariable HR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-low risk group | 4.32 (1.73–10.82) | 0.002 | 3.83 (1.51–9.68) | 0.005 |
| No-exercise group | 3.15 (1.39–7.15) | 0.006 | 2.52 (1.10–5.78) | 0.021 |
| Age (years) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.103 | - | |
| Men | 1.22 (0.36–4.10) | 0.745 | - | |
| Mellitus diabetes | 1.40 (0.47–4.02) | 0.556 | - |
Table 4.
Baseline characteristics according to risk stratification and exercise training completion.
Table 4.
Baseline characteristics according to risk stratification and exercise training completion.
| Characteristic/Variable | L-C (n = 14) | NL-C (n = 23) | L-E (n = 121) | NL-E (n = 80) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric | |||||
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 9.3 | 65.5 ± 12.1 | 59.8 ± 9.7 | 62.1 ± 10.1 | 0.005 |
| Women | 3 (21.4) | 5 (21.7) | 16 (13.2) | 12 (15.0) | 0.669 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 (24.0–27.7) | 28.4 (23.5–31.2) | 27.3 (24.7–29.3) | 26.7 (24.8–30.5) | 0.830 |
| Risk factors and comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 6 (42.9) | 16 (69.6) | 58 (47.9) | 40 (50.0) | 0.262 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 8 (57.1) | 13 (56.5) | 84(69.4) | 52 (65.0) | 0.557 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 (7.1) | 8 (34.8) | 20 (16.5) | 20 (25.0) | 0.088 |
| Current smoker | 9 (64.3) | 7 (30.4) | 50 (41.3) | 26 (32.5) | 0.478 |
| Previous smoker > 1 year | 3 (21.4) | 6 (26.1) | 39 (32.2) | 29 (36.3) | |
| Previous smoker < 1 year | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.3) | 5 (4.1) | 4 (5.0) | |
| COPD | 1 (7.1) | 2 (8.7) | 4 (3.3) | 8 (10.0) | 0.269 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.7) | 3 (2.5) | 5 (6.3) | 0.322 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.1) | 3 (3.8) | 0.710 |
| Anemia | 3 (21.4) | 4 (17.4) | 10 (8.3) | 9 (11.3) | 0.325 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.7) | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.8) | 0.419 |
| CV family history | 3 (21.4) | 4 (17.4) | 26 (21.5) | 12 (15.0) | 0.702 |
| Sudden death family history | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.3) | 6 (5.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.457 |
| Diagnostics | |||||
| STEMI | 4 (28.6) | 9 (39.1) | 56 (46.3) | 37 (46.3) | 0.765 |
| NSTEMI | 7 (50.0) | 8 (34.8) | 47 (38.8) | 29 (36.3) | |
| Unstable Angina | 3 (21.4) | 6 (26.1) | 18 (14.9) | 14 (17.5) | |
| Previous ACS-MI | 3 (21.4) | 7 (30.4) | 14 (11.6) | 11 (13.8) | 0.109 |
| One vessel disease | 8 (57.1) | 7 (30.4) | 76 (62.8) | 44 (55.0) | 0.228 |
| Two vessels disease | 4 (28.6) | 7 (30.4) | 25 (20.7) | 19 (23.8) | |
| Three vessels disease | 2 (14.3) | 9 (39.1) | 15 (12.4) | 15 (18.8) | |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 62 (55.5–63.5) | 58 (51.0–60.0) | 60 (56.0–64.0) | 51 (41.0–60.0) | <0.001 |
| Exercise testing | |||||
| METs | 9.8 (8.5–11.8) | 6.8 (6.2–7.8) | 10.3 (9.3–12.6) | 8.5 (6.7–10.0) | <0.001 |
| Maximum predicted heart rate (%) | 80 (72.0–83.5) | 82 (71.0–87.0) | 81 (74.0–89.0) | 76 (65.5–85.5) | 0.088 |
| Peak systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 155 (139–180) | 160 (133–183) | 154 (142–172) | 147 (132–161.5) | 0.103 |
| Blood test | |||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 101 (87–112) | 126 (106–190) | 105 (95–124) | 116 (97–151) | 0.032 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 5.6 (5.3–5.7) | 6.7 (5.7–8.3) | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 5.6 (5.4–6.5) | 0.016 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 115 (89–129) | 102 (69–110) | 118 (93–140) | 111 (84–139) | 0.127 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Follow-up METs | 10.8 (8.3–12.2) | 8.1 (6.0–10.8) | 12.0 (9.8–13.3) | 9.8 (8.3–11.5) | <0.001 |
| Relative increase in METs (%) | 4.5 (−4.3–16.7) | 6.5 (−3.2–27.9) | 7.7 (0.8–17.6) | 14.3 (3.2–26.8) | 0.039 |
| Absolute increase in METs | 0.3 (−0.4–1.0) | 0.5 (−0.2–1.2) | 0.9 (0.0–1.9) | 1.3 (0.3–2.3) | 0.119 |
| Cardiac rehospitalization | 3 (21.4) | 6 (26.1) | 3 (2.5) | 13 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| All causes readmission | 7 (50.0) | 12 (52.2) | 20 (16.5) | 27 (33.8) | <0.001 |
| All causes death | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.195 |
| Revascularization | 3 (21.4) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (7.5) | 0.002 |
| New ACS | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.3) | 0.020 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or numbers (n) and percentages (%). L-C, Low risk and control group; NL-C, No-low risk and control group; L-E, Low risk and exercise group; NL-E, No-low risk and exercise group; ACS, acute coronary syndrome-myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV, cardiovascular; METs, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Table 5.
Outcomes according to risk stratification and exercise training completion.
| Outcomes | L-C (n = 14) | NL-C (n = 23) | L-E (n = 121) | NL-E (n = 80) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up METs | 10.8 (8.3–12.2) | 8.1 (6.0–10.8) | 12.0 (9.8–13.3) | 9.8 (8.3–11.5) | <0.001 |
| Relative increase in METs (%) | 4.5 (−4.3–16.7) | 6.5 (−3.2–27.9) | 7.7 (0.8–17.6) | 14.3 (3.2–26.8) | 0.039 |
| Absolute increase in METs | 0.3 (−0.4–1.0) | 0.5 (−0.2–1.2) | 0.9 (0.0–1.9) | 1.3 (0.3–2.3) | 0.119 |
| All causes readmission | 7 (50.0) | 12 (52.2) | 20 (16.5) | 27 (33.8) | <0.001 |
| All causes death | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.195 |
| Cardiac rehospitalization | 3 (21.4) | 6 (26.1) | 3 (2.5) | 13 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.5) | 0.116 |
| Arrythmias | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (1.7) | 7 (8.8) | 0.029 |
| Revascularization | 3 (21.4) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (7.5) | 0.002 |
| New ACS | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.3) | 0.020 |
Data are median (IQR) or numbers (n) and percentages (%). L-C, Low risk and control group; NL-C, No-low risk and control group; L-E, Low risk and exercise group; NL-E, No-low risk and exercise group; ACS, Acute coronary syndrome-myocardial infarction; METs, metabolic equivalent.
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Cabrera-Aguilera, I.; Ivern, C.; Badosa, N.; Marco, E.; Duran, X.; Mojón, D.; Vicente, M.; Llagostera, M.; Farré, N.; Ruíz-Bustillo, S. Prognostic Utility of a New Risk Stratification Protocol for Secondary Prevention in Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071910
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Cabrera-Aguilera I, Ivern C, Badosa N, Marco E, Duran X, Mojón D, Vicente M, Llagostera M, Farré N, Ruíz-Bustillo S. Prognostic Utility of a New Risk Stratification Protocol for Secondary Prevention in Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(7):1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071910
Chicago/Turabian StyleCabrera-Aguilera, Ignacio, Consolació Ivern, Neus Badosa, Ester Marco, Xavier Duran, Diana Mojón, Miren Vicente, Marc Llagostera, Nuria Farré, and Sonia Ruíz-Bustillo. 2022. "Prognostic Utility of a New Risk Stratification Protocol for Secondary Prevention in Patients Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 7: 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071910
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