Standardized Clinical Profiling in Spanish Patients with Chronic Tinnitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Main Variable Description
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Age Clustering
3. Results
3.1. Description of Both Samples
3.2. Age and Sex Adjusted Comparison of Both Surveys
Clustering Approach for Adjusting the Sample on Age
3.3. Stratified Analysis for Meniere’s Disease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Online Sample (n = 230) | Outpatients (n = 204) | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44 (37–53) | 55 (46–62) | <0.001 | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Female Male | 151 (66%) 79 (34%) | 105 (52.20%) 99 (47.80%) | ||
Body mass Index | >0.050 | |||
Underweight | 6 (2.60%) | 7 (3.70%) | ||
Normal-weight | 110 (47.80%) | 79 (41.40%) | ||
Overweight | 72 (31.30%) | 70 (36.60%) | ||
Obesity | 42 (18.30%) | 35 (18.30%) | ||
Level of education | <0.001 | |||
No school | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.50%) | ||
Primary school | 19 (8.30%) | 48 (23.50%) | ||
Middle school | 28 (12.20%) | 50 (24.50%) | ||
High school | 44 (19.10%) | 41 (20.10%) | ||
University/higher degree | 139 (60.40%) | 60 (29.40%) | ||
Tinnitus family history | >0.050 | |||
No | 73 (52.10%) | 115 (56.40%) | ||
Three or less relatives | 53 (37.90%) | 79 (38.70%) | ||
More than three relatives | 14 (10%) | 10 (4.90%) | ||
Ear condition | Acoustic trauma | 12 (5.20%) | 21 (10.30%) | >0.050 |
Acute otitis media | 7 (3.10%) | 19 (9.30%) | >0.050 | |
Presbycusis | 3 (1.30%) | 9 (4.40%) | >0.050 | |
SSHL * | 22 (9.60%) | 16 (7.80%) | >0.050 | |
Meniere’s disease | 164 (71.60%) | 32 (15.70%) | <0.001 | |
Hyperacusis | 198 (86.1%) | 141 (69.10%) | <0.001 | |
Vertigo | <0.001 | |||
Never | 30 (13.1%) | 62 (30.50%) | ||
One or less per year | 40 (17.50%) | 23 (11.30%) | ||
More than two per year | 159 (69.40%) | 107 (52.70%) | ||
No answer | 0 | 11 (5.40%) | ||
Pain | Headache | 122 (53%) | 106 (52%) | >0.050 |
Neck pain | 88 (38.30%) | 104 (61.30%) | >0.050 | |
Ear pain | 60 (26.10%) | 37 (18.10%) | >0.050 | |
Psychiatric conditions | Anxiety | 77 (33.50%) | 51 (25%) | >0.050 |
Depression | 39 (17%) | 27 (13.20%) | >0.050 | |
Sleep-disorders | Start | 49 (21.30%) | 74 (36.30%) | <0.001 |
Heart conditions | HBP ** | 22 (9.60%) | 34 (16.70%) | >0.050 |
Metabolic disorders | Dyslipidemia | 27 (11.7%) | 52 (25.5%) | <0.001 |
Variable | Category | Online Sample n = 230 | Outpatients n = 204 | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tinnitus duration (months) | 104.53 ± 95.2 | 73.70 ± 99.80 | 0.036 | |
Debilitating tinnitus duration (months) | 84.88 ± 82.44 | 63.88 ± 94.14 | >0.050 | |
Worry on tinnitus | >0.050 | |||
Severely | 93 (41.30%) | 81 (40.50%) | ||
Moderately | 90 (40%) | 76 (38%) | ||
Slightly | 28 (12.40%) | 19 (9.50%) | ||
Not at all | 6 (2.70%) | 19 (9.50%) | ||
NA | 8 (3.60%) | 5 (2.50%) | ||
Number of sounds | >0.050 | |||
One or less | 79 (34.60%) | 54 (27%) | ||
More than one | 145 (63.60%) | 77 (38.50%) | ||
No answer | 4 (1.70%) | 69 (34.50%) | ||
Type of onset | <0.001 | |||
Sudden | 84 (36.50%) | 113 (56.50%) | ||
Gradual | 87 (37.20%) | 78 (39%) | ||
No answered | 55 (24.30%) | 9 (4.40%) | ||
Triggers | Changes in hearing | 43 (19.40%) | 19 (9.50%) | >0.050 |
Ear fullness | 83 (37.40%) | 50 (25.10%) | >0.050 | |
Stress | 59 (26.60%) | 46 (23.10%) | >0.050 | |
Tinnitus increasing factors | 208 (92.40%) | 135 (69%) | 0.054 | |
Tinnitus reducing factors | 159 (71.30%) | 112 (57.40%) | <0.001 | |
Treatment | 41.4/58.6 (%) | 21.1/75.9//3 (%) | <0.001 | |
(Yes/No//NA) |
Variable | Category | Online Sample (n = 140) | Outpatients (n = 204) | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52 (46–57.75) | 55 (46–62) | >0.050 | |
Sex | >0.050 | |||
Female | 86 (62%) | 105 (52.20) | ||
Male | 53 (38%) | 96 (47.80%) | ||
Body mass Index | >0.050 | |||
Underweight | 3 (2.10%) | 4 (2.10%) | ||
Normal-weight | 62 (44.30%) | 82 (43%) | ||
Overweight | 45 (32.10%) | 70 (36.60%) | ||
Obesity | 30 (21.40%) | 35 (18.30%) | ||
Level of education | <0.001 | |||
No school | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.50%) | ||
Primary school | 16 (11.40%) | 48 (23.50%) | ||
Middle school | 20 (14.30%) | 50 (24.50%) | ||
High school | 31 (22.10%) | 41 (20.10%) | ||
University/higher degree | 73 (52.10%) | 60 (29.40%) | ||
Tinnitus family history | >0.050 | |||
No | 73 (52.10%) | 115 (56.40%) | ||
Three or less relatives | 53 (37.90%) | 79 (38.70%) | ||
More than three relatives | 14 (10%) | 10 (4.90%) | ||
Ear condition | Acoustic trauma | 8 (5.70%) | 21 (10.30%) | >0.050 |
Acute otitis media | 5 (3.60%) | 19 (9.30%) | >0.050 | |
Presbycusis | 3 (2.10%) | 9 (4.40%) | >0.050 | |
SSHL * | 14 (10%) | 16 (7.80%) | >0.050 | |
Meniere disease | 104 (75%) | 32 (15.70%) | <0.001 | |
Hyperacusis | 198 (88%) | 141 (69.10%) | <0.001 | |
Vertigo | <0.001 | |||
Never | 17 (12.1%) | 62 (30.5%) | ||
One or less per year | 22 (15.7%) | 23 (11.3%) | ||
More than two per year | 101 (72.1%) | 107 (52.7%) | ||
No answer | 0 | 11 (5.4%) | ||
Pain | Headache | 68 (48.6%) | 106 (52%) | >0.050 |
Neck pain | 49 (35%) | 104 (51%) | 0.054 | |
Ear pain | 35 (25%) | 37 (18.10%) | >0.050 | |
Psychiatric conditions | Anxiety | 44 (31.4%) | 51 (25%) | >0.050 |
Depression | 21 (15%) | 27 (13.20%) | >0.050 | |
Sleep-disorders | Start | 32 (23%) | 74 (36.50%) | >0.050 |
Heart conditions | HBP ** | 20 (14.30%) | 34 (16.70%) | >0.050 |
Metabolic disease | Dyslipidemia | 22 (15.7%) | 52 (25.50%) | 0.054 |
Variable | Category | Online Sample (n = 140) | Outpatients Sample (n = 204) | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tinnitus duration (months) | 119.25 ± 101.37 | 72.84 ± 99.45 | <0.001 | |
Debilitating tinnitus duration (months) | 95.78 ± 94.04 | 60.54 ± 92.96 | 0.036 | |
Worry on tinnitus | >0.050 | |||
Severely | 58 (41.70%) | 81 (40.50%) | ||
Moderately | 52 (37.40%) | 76 (38%) | ||
Slightly | 19 (13.70%) | 19 (9.50%) | ||
Not at all | 4 (2.90%) | 19 (9.50%) | ||
No answered | 6 (4.30%) | 5 (2.50%) | ||
Number of sounds | <0.001 | |||
One or less | 47 (34%) | 113 (56.50%) | ||
More than one | 89 (64%) | 72 (39%) | ||
No answered | 3 (2%) | 9 (4.50%) | ||
Type onset | >0.050 | |||
Sudden | 49 (35.80%) | 54 (27%) | ||
Gradual | 58 (42.30%) | 77 (38.50%) | ||
No answered | 30 (21.90%) | 69 (34.50%) | ||
Triggers | Changes in hearing | 31 (23.10%) | 19 (9.50%) | 0.018 |
Ear fullness | 40 (30%) | 50 (25.10%) | >0.050 | |
Stress | 30 (22.40%) | 46 (23.10%) | >0.050 | |
Tinnitus increasing factors | 128 (92.80%) | 135 (69%) | <0.001 | |
Tinnitus reducing factors | 92 (67.60%) | 112 (57.40%) | >0.050 | |
Treatment | 26.8/63.2 (%) | 21.1/75.9//3 (%) | 0.054 | |
(Yes/No/NA) |
Variable | Cluster | χ2 | OR (95% CI) | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Young | 3.323 | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 0.680 |
Old | 0.128 | 0.83 (0.42–1.64) | 0.721 | |
Level education | Young | 7.961 | 0.39 (0.20–0.77) | 0.047 |
Old | 10.448 | 0.37 (0.18–0.76) | 0.015 | |
Otological disease | Young | 26.166 | 0.05 (0.01–0.20) | <0.001 |
Old | 23.828 | 0.05 (0.01–0.22) | <0.001 | |
Acoustic trauma | Young | 5.472 | 6.31 (1.35–29.47) | 0.019 |
Old | 0.001 | 1.19 (0.35–4.06) | 0.975 | |
Presbyacusis | Young | 0.000 | 0.50 (0.04–5.62) | 0.991 |
Old | 0.900 | 3.85 (0.46–32.16) | 0.343 | |
Acute Otitis | Young | 1.617 | 2.89 (0.74–11.33) | 0.203 |
Old | 0.698 | 2.48 (0.51–11.92) | 0.404 | |
Neck Pain | Young | 0.004 | 1.08 (0.57–2.04) | 0.950 |
Old | 7.251 | 2.74 (1.36–5.51) | 0.007 | |
Sleep Disorder | Young | 1.325 | 1.64 (0.79–3.41) | 0.250 |
Old | 1.328 | 1.62 (0.79–3.30) | 0.249 | |
High blood pressure | Young | 0.049 | 0.79 (0.29–2.11) | 0.824 |
Old | 0.011 | 1.15 (0.49–2.66) | 0.917 | |
Low blood pressure | Young | 0.000 | 1.37 (0.30–6.32) | 0.986 |
Old | 0.000 | 1.21 (0.36–4.14) | 0.997 | |
Cholesterol | Young | 0.269 | 1.46 (0.55–3.83) | 0.604 |
Old | 1.645 | 1.21 (0.35–4.14) | 0.200 | |
Meniere’s Disease | Young | 47.614 | 0.08 (0.03–0.17) | <0.001 |
Old | 54.719 | 0.05 (0.02–0.12) | <0.001 | |
Hyperacusis (yes/no) | Young | 9.198 | 0.27 (0.11–0.61) | 0.002 |
Old | 4.703 | 0.34 (0.14–0.85) | 0.030 | |
Severity of hyperacusis | Young | 0.029 | 1.17 (0.52–2.65) | 0.864 |
Old | 11.518 | 4.06 (1.84–8.97) | 0.001 | |
Anxiety | Young | 0.002 | 0.96 (0.48–1.91) | 0.960 |
Old | 3.231 | 0.47 (0.22–0.99) | 0.072 | |
Depression | Young | 0.756 | 0.61 (0.24–1.49) | 0.385 |
Old | 0.051 | 1.25 (0.48–3.27) | 0.822 | |
Antidepressant | Young | 0.000 | 1.00 (0.24–4.15) | 1.000 |
Old | 0.204 | 1.93 (0.39–9.66) | 0.651 | |
Familial history of tinnitus | Young | 1.088 | 0.68 (0.36–1.27) | 0.297 |
Old | 0.017 | 0.99 (0.50–1.94) | 0.896 |
Variable | Category | Meniere’s Disease (n = 136) | Non Meniere’s Disease (n = 208) | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.26 ± 8.62 | 53.23± 12.75 | <0.001 | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Female | 85 (62.5%) | 105 (50.70%) | ||
Male | 51 (37.5%) | 98 (47.30%) | ||
Body mass Index | >0.050 | |||
Underweight | 1 (0.70%) | 7 (2.10%) | ||
Normal-weight | 62 (45.60%) | 81 (41.80%) | ||
Overweight | 43 (31.60%) | 72 (37.1%) | ||
Obesity | 30 (22.10%) | 35 (18%) | ||
Level of education | >0.050 | |||
No school | 0 (0%) | 3 (1%) | ||
Primary school | 23 (16.90%) | 64 (18.70%) | ||
Middle school | 21 (15.40%) | 70 (20.40%) | ||
High school | 24 (17.60%) | 72 (21%) | ||
University/higher degree | 68 (50%) | 132 (38.50%) | ||
Tinnitus family history | >0.050 | |||
No | 74 (54.40%) | 188 (54.80%) | ||
Three or less relatives | 52 (38.20%) | 132 (38.50%) | ||
More than three relatives | 10 (7.4%) | 23 (6.70%) | ||
Ear condition | Acoustic trauma | 5 (3.70%) | 24 (11.60%) | >0.050 |
Acute otitis media | 2 (1.50%) | 22 (10.60%) | 0.018 | |
Presbycusis | 4 (3%) | 8 (4%) | >0.050 | |
SSHL * | 11 (8.10%) | 19 (9.20%) | >0.050 | |
Hyperacusis | 122 (90%) | 141 (68.10%) | <0.001 | |
Vertigo | <0.001 | |||
Never | 2 (1.5%) | 77 (37.2%) | ||
One or less per year | 16 (11.9%) | 29 (14%) | ||
More than two per year | 116 (85.9%) | 91 (44%) | ||
No answer | 1 (0.7%) | 10 (4.8%) | ||
Pain | Headache | 75 (55.1%) | 98 (47.3%) | >0.050 |
Neck pain | 50 (36.80%) | 103 (50%) | >0.050 | |
Ear pain | 31 (22.80%) | 41 (20%) | >0.050 | |
Psychiatric conditions | Anxiety | 39 (28.70%) | 56 (27.10%) | >0.050 |
Depression | 22 (16.2%) | 26 (12.60%) | >0.050 | |
Sleep-disorders | Start | 33 (24.30%) | 72 (35%) | >0.050 |
Heart conditions | HBP ** | 18 (13.20%) | 36 (17.40%) | >0.050 |
Metabolic disorders | Dyslipidemia | 23 (17%) | 51 (25%) | >0.050 |
Variable | Category | Meniere’s Disease n = 136 | Non Meniere’s Disease n = 208 | Corrected p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tinnitus duration (months) | 125.84 ± 108 | 55.29 ± 87.47 | <0.001 | |
Debilitating tinnitus duration (months) | 106.55 ± 99.60 | 44.04 ± 78.25 | <0.001 | |
Worry on tinnitus | 0.018 | |||
Severely | 69 (50.70%) | 70 (34.70%) | ||
Moderately | 49 (36%) | 78 (38.6%) | ||
Slightly | 12 (8.80%) | 26 (12.90%) | ||
Not at all | 1 (0.70%) | 22 (10.90%) | ||
No answered | 5 (3.70%) | 6 (3%) | ||
Number of sounds | <0.001 | |||
One or less | 44 (32.40%) | 115 (56.9%) | ||
More than one | 89 (65.40%) | 78 (38.60%) | ||
No answered | 3 (2.20%) | 9 (4.50%) | ||
Type of onset | >0.050 | |||
Sudden | 43 (31.60%) | 60 (30%) | ||
Gradual | 64 (47.10%) | 70 (35%) | ||
No answered | 29 (21.30%) | 70 (35%) | ||
Triggers | Changes in hearing | 32 (24.10%) | 17 (8.50%) | <0.001 |
Ear fullness | 37 (27.80%) | 52 (26.10%) | >0.050 | |
Stress | 30 (22.60%) | 45 (22.60%) | >0.050 | |
Tinnitus increasing factors | 123 (90.40%) | 139 (70.6%) | <0.001 | |
Tinnitus reducing factors | 89 (66%) | 114 (59%) | >0.050 | |
Use of any treatment for tinnitus | 52 (39%) | 42 (20%) | <0.001 |
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Haro-Hernandez, E.; Perez-Carpena, P.; Unnikrishnan, V.; Spiliopoulou, M.; Lopez-Escamez, J.A. Standardized Clinical Profiling in Spanish Patients with Chronic Tinnitus. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040978
Haro-Hernandez E, Perez-Carpena P, Unnikrishnan V, Spiliopoulou M, Lopez-Escamez JA. Standardized Clinical Profiling in Spanish Patients with Chronic Tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(4):978. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040978
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaro-Hernandez, Elisheba, Patricia Perez-Carpena, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Myra Spiliopoulou, and Jose A. Lopez-Escamez. 2022. "Standardized Clinical Profiling in Spanish Patients with Chronic Tinnitus" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 4: 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040978