Social Connectedness and Associations with Gambling Risk in New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Gambling Risk Level
2.3.2. Gambling Frequency and Participation in Specific Gambling Activities
2.3.3. General Psychological Distress
2.3.4. Quality of Life
2.4. Leisure Activity
2.4.1. Social Connectedness
2.4.2. Demographics
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Comparison of Gambling Risk, Quality of Life, Psychological Distress, and Social Connectedness between Ethnic Groups and Sex
3.3. Correlations of Gambling Risk with Quality of Life, Psychological Distress, Social Connectedness, Leisure Activities, and Age
3.4. Predicting Gambling Risk by Ethnicity, Social Connectiveness, Leisure Activities and Psychological Distress
3.5. Prediction of Quality of Life by Social Connectiveness, Leisure Activity, Psychological Distress and Gambling Risk
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Māori | Pacific | Asian | NZ European/Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 997) | (n = 582) | (n = 493) | (n = 2832) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age (years) | 43.03 (15.31) | 41.41 (13.78) | 40.27(13.13) | 52.33 (17.45) |
Female (%) | 62.7 | 59.3 | 50.1 | 56.1 |
Highest Education (%) | ||||
No formal Qual | 30.0 | 19.6 | 4.7 | 17.2 |
Secondary School | 21.9 | 35.9 | 19.9 | 21.4 |
Vocational or Trade | 23.6 | 22.3 | 10.5 | 24.2 |
University Degree or Higher | 24.4 * | 22.2 | 64.9 | 37.2 |
Employment (%) | ||||
Full time | 43.0 | 50.5 | 60.6 | 44.4 |
Par time | 15.4 | 10.5 | 12.2 | 17.6 |
Currently search for job | 7.2 | 7.4 | 4.7 | 2.6 |
Student | 4.3 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 2.1 |
Homemaker | 8.7 | 10.3 | 8.3 | 5.5 |
Beneficiary | 13.2 | 9.6 | 1.0 | 4.4 |
Retired | 7.4 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 22.8 |
Other | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Social connectedness | 17.65 (3.07) | 18.50 (2.97) | 17.89 (2.87) | 18.43 (3.00) |
Leisure | 8.62 (3.49) | 8.96 (3.81) | 8.97 (3.49) | 9.09 (3.27) |
Quality of life | 23.81 (5.22) | 24.16 (4.81) | 24.43 (4.45) | 24.83 (4.67) |
Psychological distress | 5.34 (6.13) | 5.29 (5.82) | 3.84 (4.69) | 3.77 (4.41) |
PGSI score | 0.68 (2.48) | 0.74 (2.25) | 0.30 (1.14) | 0.16 (0.97) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Social connectedness | - | |||||
2. Leisure activity | 0.220 ** | - | ||||
3. Quality of life | 0.244 ** | 0.123 ** | - | |||
4. Psychological distress | −0.114 ** | 0.023 | −0.440 ** | - | ||
5. PGSI score | −0.068 ** | −0.032 * | −0.151 ** | 0.192 ** | - | |
6. Age | 0.162 ** | −0.088 ** | 0.043 ** | −0.156 ** | −0.122 ** | - |
Variables | B | SD | p | Exp(B) | 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Social connectedness | −0.001 | 0.0020 | 0.547 | 0.999 | 0.995 | 1.003 |
Leisure activities | −0.009 | 0.0018 | <0.001 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.994 |
Psychological distress | −0.002 | 0.0012 | 0.092 | 0.998 | 0.996 | 1.000 |
Māori a | 0.084 | 0.0147 | <0.001 | 1.088 | 1.057 | 1.119 |
Pacific a | 0.071 | 0.0181 | <0.001 | 1.074 | 1.036 | 1.112 |
Asian a | −0.111 | 0.0209 | <0.001 | 0.895 | 0.859 | 0.933 |
Variables | B | SD | p | Exp(B) | 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Social connectedness | −0.008 | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.992 | 0.984 | 1.000 |
Leisure activities | 0.012 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 1.012 | 1.005 | 1.020 |
Psychological distress | −0.003 | 0.0024 | 0.276 | 0.997 | 0.993 | 1.002 |
Māori a | 0.130 | 0.0298 | <0.001 | 1.139 | 1.074 | 1.207 |
Pacific a | 0.063 | 0.0374 | 0.092 | 1.065 | 0.990 | 1.146 |
Asian a | 0.010 | 0.0406 | 0.809 | 1.010 | 0.933 | 1.094 |
Predictor | B | SD | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social connectedness | 0.283 | 0.020 | 14.185 | <0.001 |
Leisure activities | 0.123 | 0.018 | 6.862 | <0.001 |
Psychological distress | −0.430 | 0.012 | −35.911 | <0.001 |
PGSI score | −0.102 | 0.037 | −2.743 | 0.006 |
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Wang, G.Y.; Bellringer, M.E. Social Connectedness and Associations with Gambling Risk in New Zealand. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237123
Wang GY, Bellringer ME. Social Connectedness and Associations with Gambling Risk in New Zealand. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(23):7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237123
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Grace Y., and Maria E. Bellringer. 2022. "Social Connectedness and Associations with Gambling Risk in New Zealand" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23: 7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237123