Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
2.2. Protocol of the Study
2.3. Recruitment of Participants
2.4. Instruments
2.5. A Questionnaire about the Post-COVID-19 Status (pCOVq)
2.6. Physical Activity as a Lifestyle Indicator in Post-COVID Period
2.7. Daily Activity as a Lifestyle Indicator in POSt-COVID Period
2.8. Nutrition as a Lifestyle Indicator in Post-COVID Period
2.9. A Shortened Version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF)
2.10. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Demographic Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. Clinical Status of the Working-Age Study Population
3.3. Changes in Different Types and Intensities of Physical Activity in the Working-Age Study Population after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
3.4. Nutrition Habits in the Post-COVID Period among Study Population
3.5. Quality of Life of Working-Age Participants after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories (n = 80) | Distribution [%]/Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
Gender [%] | Male | 20 [25%] |
Female | 60 [75%] | |
Age category [%] | 20–29 years old | 54 [68%] |
30–39 years old | 9 [12%] | |
40–49 years old | 17 [20%] | |
Age [years; X ± SD] | 30.64 ± 1.54 | |
Education level [%] | Elementary school | 25 [32.9%] |
High school | 6 [2.6%] | |
Faculty | 21 [27.6%] | |
Student | 28 [36.8%] | |
Marital status [%] | Single | 33 [43.4%] |
Married | 23 [30.3%] | |
Bisexual/homosexual relationship | 21 [22.4%] | |
Divorced | 2 [2.6%] | |
Widow/er | 1 [1.3%] | |
Place of living [%] | Big city (above 500,000 inhabitants) | 10 [7.9%] |
Middle city (100,000–500,000 inhabitants) | 70 [82.1%] | |
Occupation level [%] | Employed | 80 [100%] |
Health Problems | Severity of Clinical Problem | Frequency [%] | Do the Above Problems Still Exist? | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | ||||
Sleep problems (this includes problems falling asleep, sleeping through the night, and waking up early) | None | 52 (68.4%) | 11 (14.5%) | 65 (85.5%) | 0.021 * |
Mild problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 11 (14.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Bowel dysfunction (e.g., diarrhea and constipation) | None | 56 (73.7%) | 4 (5.3%) | 72 (94.7%) | 0.688 |
Mild problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 6 (7.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Bladder dysfunction (e.g., incontinence, kidney or bladder stones, kidney problem, urine leakage, and reflux) | None | 68 (89.5%) | 3 (3.9%) | 71 (96.1%) | 0.216 |
Mild problem | 4 (5.3%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 3 (3.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Limitation of movement (restricted range of motion of the joints) | None | 45 (59.2%) | 6 (7.9%) | 70 (92.1%) | 0.275 |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 11 (14.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Muscle problems (uncontrolled, spasmodic muscle movements, such as uncontrollable twitching or spasm) | None | 48 (63.2%) | 8 (10.5%) | 68 (89.5%) | 0.216 |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Respiratory problems (difficulty breathing and increased secretion) | None | 32 (42.1%) | 11 (14.5%) | 65 (85.5%) | 0.005 ** |
Mild problem | 21 (27.6%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Big problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Limitation of the sense of smell (e.g., reduced or increased perception of smell) | None | 33 (43.4%) | 13 (17.1%) | 63 (82.9%) | 0.021 * |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 9 (11.8%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Limitations of the sense of taste (e.g., reduced or increased perception of taste) | None | 38 (50%) | 12 (15.8%) | 64 (84.2%) | 0.026 * |
Mild problem | 14 (18.4%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 7 (9.2%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 9 (11.8%) | ||||
Circulation problems or circulatory disorders (including swelling of veins, feet, hands, legs) | None | 62 (81.6%) | 4 (5.3%) | 72 (94.7%) | 0.125 |
Mild problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 3 (3.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Malaise (e.g., increased fatigue) | None | 19 (25%) | 18 (23.7%) | 58 (76.3%) | 0.003 ** |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Big problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 12 (15.8%) | ||||
Fears and anxiety | None | 50 (65.8%) | 9 (11.8%) | 67 (88.2%) | 0.043 * |
Mild problem | 14 (18.4%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Big problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Pain | None | 40 (52.6%) | 6 (7.9%) | 70 (82.1%) | 0.162 |
Mild problem | 18 (23.7%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Big problem | 4 (5.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 4 (5.3%) |
Type of Activity | Aerobic Activity | Anaerobic Activity | Low-Intensity Physical Activity | Middle-Intensity Physical Activity | High-Intensity Physical Activity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period | Frequency | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] |
Exercise before COVID-19 | Neither day | 48.8 | 56.3 | 20.0 | 51.2 | 50.0 |
1–2 days per week | 32.5 | 22.5 | 23.8 | 28.7 | 33.8 | |
3–4 days per week | 11.3 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | |
5–6 days per week | 2.5 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 5.0 | |
Every day | 5.0 | 1.3 | 20.0 | 3.8 | 1.3 | |
Exercise after COVID-19 | Neither day | 60.0 a | 62.5 a | 16.3 | 53.8 | 56.3 a |
1–2 days per week | 22.5 b | 22.5 | 36.3 a | 32.5 | 30.0 b | |
3–4 days per week | 12.5 | 10.0 b | 25.0 | 75.0 a | 6.3 | |
5–6 days per week | 2.5 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 3.8 | 6.3 a | |
Every day | 2.5 b | 2.5 | 13.8 b | 2.5 | 1.3 | |
Duration of physical exercise before COVID-19 | None | 46.3 | 53.8 | 12.5 | 51.2 | 46.3 |
10–20 min | 22.5 | 18.8 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 11.3 | |
21–40 min | 16.3 | 17.5 | 25.0 | 16.3 | 23.8 | |
41–60 min | 7.5 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 6.3 | 10.0 | |
Above 60 min | 7.5 | 3.8 | 27.5 | 11.3 | 8.8 | |
Duration of physical exercise after COVID-19 | None | 55 a | 61.3 a | 16.3 a | 51.2 | 57.5 a |
10–20 min | 23.8 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 17.5 | |
21–40 min | 11.3 b | 7.5 b | 25.0 | 11.3 b | 11.3 | |
41–60 min | 2.5 b | 5.0 | 17.3 | 6.3 | 10.0 b | |
Above 60 min | 7.5 | 3.8 | 21.3 | 6.3 | 3.8 | |
Possibility of doing exercises before infection | Always less than I wanted | 51.2 | 51.2 | 25.0 | 45.0 | 42.5 |
Sometimes less than I wanted | 12.5 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | |
As much as I could | 31.3 | 33.8 | 46.3 | 37.5 | 42.5 | |
Sometimes more than I wanted | 2.5 | 0 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
Always more than I wanted | 2.5 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 3.8 | |
Possibility of doing exercises after infection | Always less than I wanted | 57.5 a | 52.5 | 26.3 | 46.3 | 52.5 a |
Sometimes less than I wanted | 8.8 b | 12.5 | 10.0 b | 15.0 b | 10.0 | |
As much as I could | 27.5 b | 30.0 b | 43.8 | 35.0 b | 31.3 b | |
Sometimes more than I wanted | 1.3 | 1.3 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 2.5 | |
Always more than I wanted | 5.0 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
Activity and Its Characteristics (n = 80) | p Values | |
---|---|---|
Daily activity | Frequency [days per week] | 0.000 ** |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.000 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.345 | |
Other free-daily activity | Frequency [days per week] | 0.013 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.040 * | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.987 | |
Social activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.016 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.001 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.012 * | |
Productive activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.081 |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.000 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.670 | |
Educational activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.023 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.222 | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.035 * | |
Sleeping/Resting | Duration of activity [hours] | 0.662 |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 1.000 |
Weekly Intake [Times Per Week] | p Values |
---|---|
Carbohydrates | 0.827 |
Proteins | 0.564 |
Lipids | 0.251 |
Vitamins | 0.128 |
Minerals | 0.157 |
Water | 0.049 * |
Cigarettes | 0.987 |
Alcohol | 0.788 |
Item | Graded Responses | Frequency [%] | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
How would you rate the quality of your life? | Very satisfied | 18 (23,7%) | 0.045 * |
Satisfied | 52 (68,4%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 6 (7,9%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your health? | Very satisfied | 15 (19.7%) | 0.035 * |
Satisfied | 53 (69.7%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your ability to perform daily life activities? | Very satisfied | 26 (34.2%) | 0.039 * |
Satisfied | 42 (55.3%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with yourself? | Very satisfied | 29 (38.2%) | 0.055 |
Satisfied | 40 (52.6%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 7 (9.2%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? | Very satisfied | 24 (31.6%) | 0.028 * |
Satisfied | 44 (57.9%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with the conditions of your housing? | Very satisfied | 34 (44.7%) | 0.571 |
Satisfied | 37 (48.7%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 5 (6.6%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) |
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Nikolic Turnic, T.; Vasiljevic, I.; Stanic, M.; Jakovljevic, B.; Mikerova, M.; Ekkert, N.; Reshetnikov, V.; Jakovljevic, V. Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
Nikolic Turnic T, Vasiljevic I, Stanic M, Jakovljevic B, Mikerova M, Ekkert N, Reshetnikov V, Jakovljevic V. Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(22):6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolic Turnic, Tamara, Ivana Vasiljevic, Magdalena Stanic, Biljana Jakovljevic, Maria Mikerova, Natalia Ekkert, Vladimir Reshetnikov, and Vladimir Jakovljevic. 2022. "Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22: 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
APA StyleNikolic Turnic, T., Vasiljevic, I., Stanic, M., Jakovljevic, B., Mikerova, M., Ekkert, N., Reshetnikov, V., & Jakovljevic, V. (2022). Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(22), 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668