Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
2.2. Protocol of the Study
2.3. Recruitment of Participants
2.4. Instruments
2.5. A Questionnaire about the Post-COVID-19 Status (pCOVq)
2.6. Physical Activity as a Lifestyle Indicator in Post-COVID Period
2.7. Daily Activity as a Lifestyle Indicator in POSt-COVID Period
2.8. Nutrition as a Lifestyle Indicator in Post-COVID Period
2.9. A Shortened Version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF)
2.10. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Demographic Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. Clinical Status of the Working-Age Study Population
3.3. Changes in Different Types and Intensities of Physical Activity in the Working-Age Study Population after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
3.4. Nutrition Habits in the Post-COVID Period among Study Population
3.5. Quality of Life of Working-Age Participants after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories (n = 80) | Distribution [%]/Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
Gender [%] | Male | 20 [25%] |
Female | 60 [75%] | |
Age category [%] | 20–29 years old | 54 [68%] |
30–39 years old | 9 [12%] | |
40–49 years old | 17 [20%] | |
Age [years; X ± SD] | 30.64 ± 1.54 | |
Education level [%] | Elementary school | 25 [32.9%] |
High school | 6 [2.6%] | |
Faculty | 21 [27.6%] | |
Student | 28 [36.8%] | |
Marital status [%] | Single | 33 [43.4%] |
Married | 23 [30.3%] | |
Bisexual/homosexual relationship | 21 [22.4%] | |
Divorced | 2 [2.6%] | |
Widow/er | 1 [1.3%] | |
Place of living [%] | Big city (above 500,000 inhabitants) | 10 [7.9%] |
Middle city (100,000–500,000 inhabitants) | 70 [82.1%] | |
Occupation level [%] | Employed | 80 [100%] |
Health Problems | Severity of Clinical Problem | Frequency [%] | Do the Above Problems Still Exist? | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | ||||
Sleep problems (this includes problems falling asleep, sleeping through the night, and waking up early) | None | 52 (68.4%) | 11 (14.5%) | 65 (85.5%) | 0.021 * |
Mild problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 11 (14.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Bowel dysfunction (e.g., diarrhea and constipation) | None | 56 (73.7%) | 4 (5.3%) | 72 (94.7%) | 0.688 |
Mild problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 6 (7.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Bladder dysfunction (e.g., incontinence, kidney or bladder stones, kidney problem, urine leakage, and reflux) | None | 68 (89.5%) | 3 (3.9%) | 71 (96.1%) | 0.216 |
Mild problem | 4 (5.3%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 3 (3.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Limitation of movement (restricted range of motion of the joints) | None | 45 (59.2%) | 6 (7.9%) | 70 (92.1%) | 0.275 |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 11 (14.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Muscle problems (uncontrolled, spasmodic muscle movements, such as uncontrollable twitching or spasm) | None | 48 (63.2%) | 8 (10.5%) | 68 (89.5%) | 0.216 |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Respiratory problems (difficulty breathing and increased secretion) | None | 32 (42.1%) | 11 (14.5%) | 65 (85.5%) | 0.005 ** |
Mild problem | 21 (27.6%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Big problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Limitation of the sense of smell (e.g., reduced or increased perception of smell) | None | 33 (43.4%) | 13 (17.1%) | 63 (82.9%) | 0.021 * |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 9 (11.8%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Limitations of the sense of taste (e.g., reduced or increased perception of taste) | None | 38 (50%) | 12 (15.8%) | 64 (84.2%) | 0.026 * |
Mild problem | 14 (18.4%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 8 (10.5%) | ||||
Big problem | 7 (9.2%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 9 (11.8%) | ||||
Circulation problems or circulatory disorders (including swelling of veins, feet, hands, legs) | None | 62 (81.6%) | 4 (5.3%) | 72 (94.7%) | 0.125 |
Mild problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 3 (3.9%) | ||||
Big problem | 1 (1.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 0 (0%) | ||||
Malaise (e.g., increased fatigue) | None | 19 (25%) | 18 (23.7%) | 58 (76.3%) | 0.003 ** |
Mild problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 16 (21.1%) | ||||
Big problem | 13 (17.1%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 12 (15.8%) | ||||
Fears and anxiety | None | 50 (65.8%) | 9 (11.8%) | 67 (88.2%) | 0.043 * |
Mild problem | 14 (18.4%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Big problem | 5 (6.6%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 2 (2.6%) | ||||
Pain | None | 40 (52.6%) | 6 (7.9%) | 70 (82.1%) | 0.162 |
Mild problem | 18 (23.7%) | ||||
Moderate problem | 10 (13.2%) | ||||
Big problem | 4 (5.3%) | ||||
Extreme problem | 4 (5.3%) |
Type of Activity | Aerobic Activity | Anaerobic Activity | Low-Intensity Physical Activity | Middle-Intensity Physical Activity | High-Intensity Physical Activity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period | Frequency | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] | Percent [%] |
Exercise before COVID-19 | Neither day | 48.8 | 56.3 | 20.0 | 51.2 | 50.0 |
1–2 days per week | 32.5 | 22.5 | 23.8 | 28.7 | 33.8 | |
3–4 days per week | 11.3 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | |
5–6 days per week | 2.5 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 5.0 | |
Every day | 5.0 | 1.3 | 20.0 | 3.8 | 1.3 | |
Exercise after COVID-19 | Neither day | 60.0 a | 62.5 a | 16.3 | 53.8 | 56.3 a |
1–2 days per week | 22.5 b | 22.5 | 36.3 a | 32.5 | 30.0 b | |
3–4 days per week | 12.5 | 10.0 b | 25.0 | 75.0 a | 6.3 | |
5–6 days per week | 2.5 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 3.8 | 6.3 a | |
Every day | 2.5 b | 2.5 | 13.8 b | 2.5 | 1.3 | |
Duration of physical exercise before COVID-19 | None | 46.3 | 53.8 | 12.5 | 51.2 | 46.3 |
10–20 min | 22.5 | 18.8 | 16.3 | 15.0 | 11.3 | |
21–40 min | 16.3 | 17.5 | 25.0 | 16.3 | 23.8 | |
41–60 min | 7.5 | 6.3 | 18.8 | 6.3 | 10.0 | |
Above 60 min | 7.5 | 3.8 | 27.5 | 11.3 | 8.8 | |
Duration of physical exercise after COVID-19 | None | 55 a | 61.3 a | 16.3 a | 51.2 | 57.5 a |
10–20 min | 23.8 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 17.5 | |
21–40 min | 11.3 b | 7.5 b | 25.0 | 11.3 b | 11.3 | |
41–60 min | 2.5 b | 5.0 | 17.3 | 6.3 | 10.0 b | |
Above 60 min | 7.5 | 3.8 | 21.3 | 6.3 | 3.8 | |
Possibility of doing exercises before infection | Always less than I wanted | 51.2 | 51.2 | 25.0 | 45.0 | 42.5 |
Sometimes less than I wanted | 12.5 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | |
As much as I could | 31.3 | 33.8 | 46.3 | 37.5 | 42.5 | |
Sometimes more than I wanted | 2.5 | 0 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
Always more than I wanted | 2.5 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 3.8 | |
Possibility of doing exercises after infection | Always less than I wanted | 57.5 a | 52.5 | 26.3 | 46.3 | 52.5 a |
Sometimes less than I wanted | 8.8 b | 12.5 | 10.0 b | 15.0 b | 10.0 | |
As much as I could | 27.5 b | 30.0 b | 43.8 | 35.0 b | 31.3 b | |
Sometimes more than I wanted | 1.3 | 1.3 | 13.8 | 1.3 | 2.5 | |
Always more than I wanted | 5.0 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
Activity and Its Characteristics (n = 80) | p Values | |
---|---|---|
Daily activity | Frequency [days per week] | 0.000 ** |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.000 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.345 | |
Other free-daily activity | Frequency [days per week] | 0.013 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.040 * | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.987 | |
Social activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.016 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.001 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.012 * | |
Productive activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.081 |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.000 ** | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.670 | |
Educational activities | Frequency [days per week] | 0.023 * |
Duration of activity [hours] | 0.222 | |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 0.035 * | |
Sleeping/Resting | Duration of activity [hours] | 0.662 |
Ability to perform [yes/no] | 1.000 |
Weekly Intake [Times Per Week] | p Values |
---|---|
Carbohydrates | 0.827 |
Proteins | 0.564 |
Lipids | 0.251 |
Vitamins | 0.128 |
Minerals | 0.157 |
Water | 0.049 * |
Cigarettes | 0.987 |
Alcohol | 0.788 |
Item | Graded Responses | Frequency [%] | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
How would you rate the quality of your life? | Very satisfied | 18 (23,7%) | 0.045 * |
Satisfied | 52 (68,4%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 6 (7,9%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your health? | Very satisfied | 15 (19.7%) | 0.035 * |
Satisfied | 53 (69.7%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your ability to perform daily life activities? | Very satisfied | 26 (34.2%) | 0.039 * |
Satisfied | 42 (55.3%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with yourself? | Very satisfied | 29 (38.2%) | 0.055 |
Satisfied | 40 (52.6%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 7 (9.2%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? | Very satisfied | 24 (31.6%) | 0.028 * |
Satisfied | 44 (57.9%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 8 (10.5%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
How satisfied are you with the conditions of your housing? | Very satisfied | 34 (44.7%) | 0.571 |
Satisfied | 37 (48.7%) | ||
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 5 (6.6%) | ||
Dissatisfied | 0 (0%) | ||
Very dissatisfied | 0 (0%) |
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Nikolic Turnic, T.; Vasiljevic, I.; Stanic, M.; Jakovljevic, B.; Mikerova, M.; Ekkert, N.; Reshetnikov, V.; Jakovljevic, V. Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
Nikolic Turnic T, Vasiljevic I, Stanic M, Jakovljevic B, Mikerova M, Ekkert N, Reshetnikov V, Jakovljevic V. Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(22):6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolic Turnic, Tamara, Ivana Vasiljevic, Magdalena Stanic, Biljana Jakovljevic, Maria Mikerova, Natalia Ekkert, Vladimir Reshetnikov, and Vladimir Jakovljevic. 2022. "Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 22: 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668
APA StyleNikolic Turnic, T., Vasiljevic, I., Stanic, M., Jakovljevic, B., Mikerova, M., Ekkert, N., Reshetnikov, V., & Jakovljevic, V. (2022). Post-COVID-19 Status and Its Physical, Nutritional, Psychological, and Social Effects in Working-Age Adults—A Prospective Questionnaire Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(22), 6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226668