The Role of Interventional Radiology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Simple type: commonest, up to 80%, with a single segmental artery feeding the malformation;
- (2)
- Complex type: with multiple segmental feeding arteries;
- (3)
- Diffuse type: rare, with hundreds of malformations [10].
2. Radiological Diagnosis
3. Management of PAVM
- (1)
- Any PAVM (solitary or multiple) with a feeding artery that is 2 mm or larger;
- (2)
- Measurable increase in the size of the PAVM;
- (3)
- Paradoxical emboli or symptomatic hypoxemia.
- (1)
- Diffuse lobar or segmental PAVMs;
- (2)
- Complex PAVMs not amenable to embolization;
- (3)
- PAVMs with large feeding arteries not amenable to embolization;
- (4)
- Practices or regions that lack an interventional radiology service;
- (5)
- Patients with contraindication to iodinated contrast medium.
- (1)
- Electrical detachments, such as AZUR HydroCoil Detachable (Terumo Interventional Systems, Somerset, NJ, USA),
- (2)
- Mechanical latch and hook mechanisms, such as Interlock and IDC detachable embolization coils (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA)
- (3)
- Ball and socket mechanical detachment mechanisms, such as Ruby Coils (Penumbra, Alameda, CA, USA) and Concerto coils (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA, USA).
4. Complications of Endovascular Treatment
5. Post-Embolization Follow-Up
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yap, C.W.; Wee, B.B.K.; Yee, S.Y.; Tiong, V.; Chua, Y.X.; Teo, L.; Lohan, R.; Tan, A.; Singh, P.; Rajendran, P.C.; et al. The Role of Interventional Radiology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216282
Yap CW, Wee BBK, Yee SY, Tiong V, Chua YX, Teo L, Lohan R, Tan A, Singh P, Rajendran PC, et al. The Role of Interventional Radiology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(21):6282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216282
Chicago/Turabian StyleYap, Chee Woei, Bernard B. K. Wee, Sze Ying Yee, Vincent Tiong, Yi Xiu Chua, Lycia Teo, Rahul Lohan, Amos Tan, Pavel Singh, Prapul Chander Rajendran, and et al. 2022. "The Role of Interventional Radiology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21: 6282. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216282