Clinical Differences and Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Comparison with Non-COVID-19 Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | COVID-19 Group (n = 79) | Control Group (n = 150) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | |||
Age (years)—median (IQR) | 61 (32) | 67 (31) | |
Male sex—n (%) | 44 (55.7%) | 84 (56.0%) | |
Body mass index—median (IQR) | 25.8 (7.1) | 27.4 (6.9) | |
Hypertension—n (%) | 31 (39.2%) | 59 (39.9%) | |
Type-2 diabetes—n (%) | 10 (12.7%) | 21 (14.1%) | |
Chronic heart failure—n (%) | 5 (6.3%) | 8 (5.4%) | |
Atrial fibrillation—n (%) | 6 (7.6%) | 4 (2.7%) | |
COPD—n (%) | 5 (6.3%) | 13 (8.7%) | |
Cancer disease—n (%) | 12 (15.2%) | 59 (39.3%) | p < 0.001 |
Previous surgery (2 months)—n (%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (8.0%) | p = 0.01 |
Bedridden > 3 days—n (%) | 72 (92.3%) | 41 (27.5%) | p < 0.001 |
Previous VTE—n (%) | 2 (2.5%) | 23 (15.3%) | p = 0.003 |
Family history VTE—n (%) | 2 (2.8%) | 6 (4.1%) | |
Clinical findings | |||
Signs or symptoms of DVT—n (%) | 6 (7.6%) | 34 (22.7%) | p = 0.004 |
Unilateral lower limb pain—n (%) | 4 (5.1%) | 26 (17.4%) | p = 0.008 |
Unilateral lower limb oedema—n (%) | 5 (6.3%) | 32 (21.3%) | p = 0.003 |
Hemoptysis—n (%) | 4 (5.1%) | 7 (4.7%) | |
Dyspnea—n (%) | 60 (75.9%) | 103 (69.1%) | |
Syncope—n (%) | 1 (1.3%) | 12 (8.1%) | p = 0.035 |
Chest pain (new onset)—n (%) | 32 (40.5%) | 72 (48.3%) | |
Fever—n (%) | 26 (32.9%) | 26 (17.3%) | p = 0.007 |
Cough—n (%) | 27 (34.6%) | 42 (28.2%) | |
Heart rate (bpm)—median (IQR) | 94 (25) | 94 (30) | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)—median (IQR) | 123 (27) | 128 (28) | |
Hypotension (SAP < 100 mmHg)—n (%) | 5 (6.3%) | 19 (12.8%) | |
Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)—median (IQR) | 24 (12) | 24 (11) | |
Complementary tests | |||
EKG findings of right ventricle overload | 12 (15.2%) | 37 (24.7%) | p = 0.096 |
Right branch block—n (%) | 5 (8.3%) | 6 (4.9%) | |
S1Q3T3—n (%) | 6 (10.2%) | 12 (9.8%) | |
Negative T wave in precordial leads | 2 (3.4%) | 23 (19.0%) | p = 0.004 |
Abnormal chest-X-ray—n (%) | 59 (88.1%) | 80 (65.0%) | p = 0.001 |
Right ventricle overload (TTE or CT) | 19 (24.1%) | 42 (28.0%) | |
Main pulmonary artery or central location—n (%) | 11 (13.9%) | 53 (35.3%) | p = 0.001 |
Lobar PTE—n (%) | 13 (14.6%) | 43 (30.1%) | p = 0.001 |
Segmental PTE—n (%) | 37 (48.1%) | 43 (30.1%) | p = 0.008 |
Subsegmental PTE—n (%) | 18 (23.4%) | 11 (7.7%) | p = 0.001 |
Anticoagulant treatment | |||
Treatment duration (days)—median (IQR) | 140 (172) | 154 (145) | |
Mortality | |||
1-year mortality—n (%) | 15 (19.0%) | 27 (18.0%) | |
1-month mortality—n (%) | 10 (12.7%) | 6 (4.0%) | p = 0.015 |
2nd to 3rd month mortality—n (%) | 2 (2.5%) | 14 (9.7%) | p = 0.05 |
Recurrence | |||
1-year recurrence—n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.7%) | |
Bleeding | |||
1-year bleeding—n (%) | 8 (10.1%) | 9 (6.0%) | |
Major bleeding—n (%) | 4 (5.1%) | 5 (3.3%) | |
1-month bleeding—n (%) | 8 (10.1%) | 2 (1.3%) | p = 0.004 |
2-to-3-month bleeding—n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.0%) |
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de Cossio, S.; Paredes-Ruiz, D.; Gómez-Cuervo, C.; González-Olmedo, J.; Lalueza, A.; Revilla, Y.; Lumbreras, C.; Díaz-Pedroche, C. Clinical Differences and Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Comparison with Non-COVID-19 Pulmonary Thromboembolism. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 6011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206011
de Cossio S, Paredes-Ruiz D, Gómez-Cuervo C, González-Olmedo J, Lalueza A, Revilla Y, Lumbreras C, Díaz-Pedroche C. Clinical Differences and Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Comparison with Non-COVID-19 Pulmonary Thromboembolism. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(20):6011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206011
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Cossio, Santiago, Diana Paredes-Ruiz, Covadonga Gómez-Cuervo, Jesús González-Olmedo, Antonio Lalueza, Yolanda Revilla, Carlos Lumbreras, and Carmen Díaz-Pedroche. 2022. "Clinical Differences and Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Comparison with Non-COVID-19 Pulmonary Thromboembolism" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 20: 6011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206011
APA Stylede Cossio, S., Paredes-Ruiz, D., Gómez-Cuervo, C., González-Olmedo, J., Lalueza, A., Revilla, Y., Lumbreras, C., & Díaz-Pedroche, C. (2022). Clinical Differences and Outcomes of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Comparison with Non-COVID-19 Pulmonary Thromboembolism. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(20), 6011. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206011