Next Article in Journal
Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Pain Post-COVID; Cross-Sectional Study
Previous Article in Journal
COVID-19 Salivary Protein Profile: Unravelling Molecular Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
JCM
Volume 11
Issue 19
10.3390/jcm11195577
jcm-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms

by
Joao Carlos Batista Liz
1,†,
Fernanda Genre
1,2,†,
Verónica Pulito-Cueto
1,2,†,
Sara Remuzgo-Martínez
1,2,
Diana Prieto-Peña
1,2,
Ana Márquez
3,
Norberto Ortego-Centeno
4,
María Teresa Leonardo
1,5,
Ana Peñalba
1,5,
Javier Narváez
6,
Luis Martín-Penagos
7,
Lara Belmar-Vega
7,
Cristina Gómez-Fernández
1,8,
José A. Miranda-Filloy
9,
Luis Caminal-Montero
10,
Paz Collado
11,
Diego De Árgila
12,
Patricia Quiroga-Colina
13,
Esther F. Vicente-Rabaneda
13,
Ana Triguero-Martínez
13,
Esteban Rubio
14,
Manuel León Luque
14,
Juan María Blanco-Madrigal
15,
Eva Galíndez-Agirregoikoa
15,
Javier Martín
3,
Oreste Gualillo
16,
Ricardo Blanco
1,2,
Santos Castañeda
13,
Miguel A. González-Gay
1,2,17,18,‡ and
Raquel López-Mejías
1,2,*,‡add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Research Group on Genetic Epidemiology and Atherosclerosis in Systemic Diseases and in Metabolic Bone Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System, IDIVAL, 39011 Santander, Spain
2
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
3
Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’, CSIC, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
4
Department of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
5
Division of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
6
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
7
Division of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL-REDINREN, 39008 Santander, Spain
8
Division of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
9
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, 27003 Lugo, Spain
10
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
11
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28911 Madrid, Spain
12
Division of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
13
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
14
Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
15
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
16
SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
17
Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Cantabria; 39005, Santander, Spain
18
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
These authors share senior authorship.
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5577; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195577
Submission received: 9 August 2022 / Revised: 12 September 2022 / Accepted: 15 September 2022 / Published: 22 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Immunology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
CD40, BLK and BANK1 genes involved in the development and signaling of B-cells are identified as susceptibility loci for numerous inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, we assessed the potential influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 on the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV), predominantly a B-lymphocyte inflammatory condition. Three genetic variants within CD40 (rs1883832, rs1535045, rs4813003) and BLK (rs2254546, rs2736340, rs2618476) as well as two BANK1 polymorphisms (rs10516487, rs3733197), previously associated with inflammatory diseases, were genotyped in 382 Caucasian patients with IgAV and 955 sex- and ethnically matched healthy controls. No statistically significant differences were observed in the genotype and allele frequencies of CD40, BLK and BANK1 when IgAV patients and healthy controls were compared. Similar results were found when CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotypes or alleles frequencies were compared between patients with IgAV stratified according to the age at disease onset or to the presence/absence of gastrointestinal or renal manifestations. Moreover, no CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype differences were disclosed between patients with IgAV and healthy controls and between patients with IgAV stratified according to the clinical characteristics mentioned above. Our findings indicate that CD40, BLK and BANK1 do not contribute to the genetic background of IgAV.

1. Introduction

B-lymphocytes are key cells for an effective immune response, mainly because they produce immunoglobulins (Igs) [1]. Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of B-cells, participates in the activation [2], survival, proliferation and differentiation of these lymphocytes and in the isotype switching of Igs [3]. B-lymphoid kinase (BLK) and B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1 (BANK1) are components of the B-cells’ signalosome [4]. In this regard, BLK is a src family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase [5] with a relevant role in the development and receptor signaling of B-cells [6], whereas BANK1 is an adaptor/scaffold that participates in B-cell activation and signalization [7,8]. Interestingly, CD40 [9,10,11,12,13], BLK [7,14,15,16,17,18] and BANK1 [7,8,18,19] genes are identified as susceptibility loci for several inflammatory diseases. Likewise, CD40 and BLK variants are known as susceptibility factors for different forms of vasculitis, specifically for the development of ischemic manifestations in patients with giant cell arteritis [20,21] and for Kawasaki disease [13,22], supporting the relevance of B-cell activation in the pathophysiology of both vasculitides.
Immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV), or Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), is a small-sized blood vasculitis, more common in children and rarer but more severe in adults [23,24,25]. Besides the classic clinical triad of palpable purpura, arthralgias/arthritis and gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement [26,27], renal damage is also presented in patients with IgAV, constituting the most serious complication of this vasculitis [28,29]. Abnormal IgA deposits in the vessel walls are the characteristic pathophysiologic feature of IgAV [23], supporting the theory that this vasculitis is predominantly a B-cell disease. The etiology of IgAV has not been completely elucidated. Nevertheless, numerous pieces of evidence support the claim that genetics is crucial in the pathogenesis of this condition [30,31,32].
Accordingly, we aimed to determine, for the first time, the potential influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 on the pathogenesis of IgAV. For this purpose, eight polymorphisms (three within CD40, three within BLK and two within BANK1) were genotyped in the largest series of Caucasian IgAV patients ever assessed for genetic studies.

2. Materials and Methodology

2.1. Study Population

The study group of the present work encompassed a total of 382 unrelated patients who fulfilled Michel et al.’s criteria [33] and/or the American College of Rheumatology’s classification criteria [34] for IgAV-HSP and/or the 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature [35] definition for IgAV. All these patients were Spaniards of European ancestry and were recruited in the following healthcare centers: Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (Granada), Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge (Barcelona), Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (Lugo), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (Oviedo), Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa and Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (Madrid), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (Sevilla) and Hospital Universitario de Basurto (Bilbao). A description of the main clinical characteristics of the patients with IgAV included in this study is presented in Table 1. GI manifestation was considered present if bowel angina and GI bleeding were observed as previously described [31]. Renal manifestations were defined to be present if hematuria, proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome at any time over the clinical course of the disease and/or renal sequelae (persistent renal involvement) at last follow up was disclosed [31].
In addition, 955 sex- and ethnically matched, unrelated individuals without a history of cutaneous vasculitis or any other autoimmune disease from Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (Santander) and National DNA Bank Repository (Salamanca) were also included in our work as healthy controls.
All subjects gave their informed consent to be included in the study. The procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the approved guidelines and regulations, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committees of each participant hospital (approval code 15/2012 and date of approval 11 May 2012).

2.2. Selection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genotyping Method

Three polymorphisms within CD40 (rs1883832, rs1535045 and rs4813003) and BLK (rs2254546, rs2736340, rs2618476) genes as well as two genetic variants within BANK1 (rs10516487 and rs3733197) were selected in this study. These eight specific variants were selected considering that they were related to numerous inflammatory disorders [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. In addition, potential functional consequences were previously proposed for some of these polymorphisms [8,18,19,36].
DNA from all the IgAV patients and healthy controls included in the study was extracted from peripheral blood samples using the REALPURE “SSS” kit (RBME04, REAL, Durviz S.L., Spain). All individuals were genotyped for the eight genetic variants mentioned above using predesigned TaqMan genotyping probes (C__11655919_20 for rs1883832, C___1260189_10 for rs1535045, C___1260313_20 for rs4813003, C__16036468_10 for rs2254546, C___1886931_30 for rs2736340, C__16036467_10 for rs2618476, C____313748_30 for rs10516487 and C___1793403_1_ for rs3733197) in a QuantStudioTM 7 Flex real-time polymerase chain reaction system, according to the conditions recommended by the manufacturer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).
Negative controls and duplicate samples were incorporated in our study to check the genotyping accuracy.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

CD40 rs1883832, CD40 rs1535045, CD40 rs4813003, BLK rs2254546, BLK rs2736340, BLK rs2618476, BANK1 rs10516487 and BANK1 rs3733197 genotypes were examined for deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE).
To test for association, we compared CD40, BLK and BANK1 frequencies between patients with IgAV and healthy controls as well as between patients with IgAV stratified according to specific clinical characteristics of the disease (age at the disease onset or presence/absence of GI or renal manifestations).
CD40, BLK and BANK1 variants were evaluated independently. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and compared between the groups mentioned above using chi-square test or Fisher test. Strength of association was estimated using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Then, we carried out the allelic combination (haplotype) analysis for the three CD40 genetic variants studied as well as for the three BLK polymorphisms assessed and the two BANK1 variants evaluated. Haplotype frequencies were calculated by the Haploview v4.2 software (http://broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview) (accessed on 20 September 2022) and compared between the groups mentioned above using chi-square test. The strength of association was estimated by OR and 95% CI.
We considered results with p-values <0.05 as statistically significant.
All statistical analyses were conducted with the STATA statistical software 12/SE (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA).

3. Results

No deviation from HWE was detected for CD40 rs1883832, CD40 rs1535045, CD40 rs4813003, BLK rs2254546, BLK rs2736340, BLK rs2618476, BANK1 rs10516487 and BANK1 rs3733197 in healthy controls.
The genotyping success rate was greater than 98% for the eight polymorphisms evaluated in this study.
Both genotype and allele frequencies of CD40, BLK and BANK1 variants assessed were in accordance with those reported in the 1000 Genomes Project (http://www.internationalgenome.org/) (accessed on 20 September 2022) for European populations.

3.1. CD40, BLK and BANK1 Genotype and Allele Frequencies in Patients with IgAV and Healthy Controls

Genotype and allele frequencies of CD40, BLK and BANK1 polymorphisms assessed independently were compared between patients with IgAV and healthy controls.
In this respect, similar genotype and allele CD40, BLK and BANK1 frequencies were observed in patients with IgAV when compared to healthy controls (Table 2).

3.2. CD40, BLK and BANK1 Genotype and Allele Frequencies in Patients with IgAV Stratified according to Specific Clinical Characteristics of the Disease

Subsequently, we evaluated whether differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of each CD40, BLK and BANK1 polymorphism could exist between IgAV patients stratified according to specific clinical characteristics of the disease.
Since IgAV is often a benign and self-limited pathology in children and a more severe condition in adults, we analyzed potential differences in CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies between patients with IgAV stratified according to the age at disease onset. As shown in Table 3, no statistically significant CD40, BLK and BANK1 differences were found in children when compared to adults.
Moreover, we analyzed CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies between patients with IgAV stratified according to the presence/absence of GI or renal manifestations. In this regard, similar CD40, BLK and BANK1 frequencies were observed when IgAV patients were stratified according to the presence/absence of GI manifestations (Table 3). This was also the case when patients with IgAV who developed renal manifestations were compared to those without these complications (Table 3).

3.3. CD40, BLK and BANK1 Haplotype Analyses

Moreover, we investigated whether CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype frequencies differed between IgAV patients and controls as well as between IgAV patients stratified according to the specific clinical characteristics of the disease above mentioned.
In this regard, no statistically significant CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotypes differences were disclosed in patients with IgAV when compared to healthy controls (Table 4).
Likewise, CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype frequencies were similar between IgAV patients stratified according to the age at disease onset or to the presence/absence of GI or renal manifestations (Table 5).

4. Discussion

B-lymphocytes play essential functions in regulating immune responses [37], being rigorously regulated with respect to both development and activation [1]. Abnormalities in these processes contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases [38]. Cumulative knowledge clearly demonstrated that CD40, BLK and BANK1 are key proteins involved in the development and signaling of B-cells [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Additionally, CD40, BLK and BANK1 genes are identified as shared susceptibility loci for several inflammatory diseases [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].
Taking these considerations into account, we evaluated whether CD40, BLK and BANK1 are also implicated in the pathogenesis of IgAV, predominantly a B-cell inflammatory condition, involving small blood vessels. For that purpose, three polymorphisms within CD40 and BLK as well as two genetic BANK1 variants, previously associated with several inflammatory diseases [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], were evaluated in the largest series of Caucasian patients with IgAV ever assessed for genetic studies. Some of these variants also exhibit different functional consequences [8,18,19,36]. In particular, the CD40 rs1883832C allele influences the translational efficiency of nascent CD40 mRNA transcripts, resulting in elevated CD40 levels [8]. BLK rs2736340 is in tight linkage disequilibrium with rs13277113 (D’ = 1, r2 = 0.99 in Europeans), wherein the A allele is associated with lower levels of mRNA BLK [36]. Finally, BANK1 rs10516487 leads to a substitution of Arg to His at amino-acid position 61 of BANK1 protein, whereas BANK1 rs3733197 causes an Ala to Thr substitution at amino-acid position 383 (creating a site for threonine kinases that affects the B-cell signaling) [18,19]. Interestingly, our findings revealed no influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 on IgAV susceptibility when we studied each of the polymorphisms separately or together, conforming haplotypes. Several studies described the influence of different polymorphisms on the increased risk of nephritis or GI disease in IgAV [39,40,41,42]. Accordingly, we also evaluated the potential association of CD40, BLK and BANK1 with the increased risk of nephritis or GI complications in our study. Nevertheless, our results do not support a role of CD40, BLK and BANK1 variants with clinical features of IgAV, suggesting that these genes do not contribute to IgAV severity. Notwithstanding, our results do not exclude the potential implication of other polymorphisms related to B-cells in the pathogenesis of IgAV. Consequently, further studies are needed to clarify this issue.
Shared molecular mechanisms among different vasculitides have been described [43,44]. However, as observed in our series of IgAV, no association of BANK1 rs10516487 and BANK1 rs3733197 variants with the susceptibility and clinical expression of patients with giant cell arteritis [45], a primary systemic vasculitis that involves large- and middle-sized blood vessels in people older than 50 years, was disclosed. It was also the case for the potential implication of BLK rs2736340 and BANK1 rs10516487 in Takayasu arteritis [46], another primary large-vessel vasculitis that involves mainly young individuals. In contrast, a potential influence of CD40 rs1883832 [20] and BLK rs2736340 [21] polymorphisms was previously reported on the development of ischemic manifestations in patients with giant cell arteritis. Similarly, CD40 rs4813003 [13], BLK rs2254546 [13], BLK rs2736340 [22] and BLK rs2618476 [22] were identified as susceptibility markers for Kawasaki disease, a vasculitis affecting small- and medium-sized arteries.
Our findings suggest that IgAV may not be a state of increased B-cell activation, pointing to IgAV as a different entity from other types of vasculitis. In keeping with our results, genome-wide association studies in IgA nephritis, which is pathophysiologically similar to IgAV [47,48], have not identified CD40, BLK and BANK1 genes as significant players in the pathogenesis of the disease [49,50,51]. With respect to this, genes affecting the mucosal immune defense, having an impact on IgA production by plasma cells in mucosa and previously reported as susceptibility loci in IgA nephropathy [51], may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of IgAV, and further studies assessing this issue would be of potential interest.

5. Conclusions

In summary, although complex genetic interactions appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAV, based on a large series of patients, we could not observe a contribution of the CD40, BLK and BANK1 genes to the genetic network underlying this small-vessel vasculitis. Further studies should be performed to fully explore the role of B-cells in the pathogenesis of IgAV.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.C.B.L.; F.G. and V.P.-C.; data curation, S.R.-M., D.P.-P., A.M., N.O.-C., M.T.L., A.P., J.N., L.M.-P., L.B.-V., C.G.-F., J.A.M.-F., L.C.-M., P.C., D.D.Á., P.Q.-C., E.F.V.-R., A.T.-M., E.R., M.L.L., J.M.B.-M., E.G.-A., J.M., O.G., R.B. and S.C.; formal analysis, D.P.-P., F.G. and V.P.-C.; investigation, S.R.-M., J.C.B.L., A.M., N.O.-C., M.T.L., A.P., J.N., L.M.-P., L.B.-V., C.G.-F., J.A.M.-F., L.C.-M., P.C., D.D.Á., P.Q.-C., E.F.V.-R., A.T.-M., E.R., M.L.L., J.M.B.-M., E.G.-A., J.M., O.G., R.B. and S.C.; methodology, D.P.-P., F.G. and V.P.-C.; project administration, M.A.G.-G. and R.L.-M.; supervision, M.A.G.-G. and R.L.-M.; visualization, F.G. and V.P.-C.; writing—original draft, J.C.B.L., F.G. and V.P.-C.; writing—review and editing, J.C.B.L., F.G., V.P.-C., M.A.G.-G. and R.L.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by European Union FEDER funds and “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias” (grants PI18/00042 and PI21/00042) from “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII, Health Ministry, Spain). D.P.-P. is a recipient of a Río Hortega program fellowship from the ISCIII, co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF, “Investing in your future”) (grant number CM20/00006). F.G. is supported by funds of the RICORS Program from ISCIII, co-funded by the European Union (grant number RD21/0002/0025). V.P.-C. is supported by funds of PI18/00042. S.R.-M. is supported by funds of the RETICS Program (RD16/0012/0009) (ISCIII, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)). O.G. is a staff member of Xunta de Galicia (Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS)) through a research-staff stabilization contract (ISCIII/SERGAS) and his work is funded by ISCIII and the European Union FEDER fund (grant numbers RD16/0012/0014 (RIER) and PI17/00409). He is a beneficiary of project funds from the Research Executive Agency (REA) of the European Union in the framework of MSCA-RISE Action of the H2020 Program, project 734899—Olive-Net. R.L.-M. is a recipient of a Miguel Servet type II program fellowship from the ISCIII, co-funded by ESF (“Investing in your future”) (grant number CPII21/00004).

Institutional Review Board Statement

All subjects gave their informed consent to be included in the study. The procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the approved guidelines and regulations, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committees of each participant hospital (approval code 15/2012 and date of approval 11/05/2012).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to the patients and healthy controls for their essential collaboration on this study. We also thank the National DNA Bank Repository (Salamanca) for supplying part of the control samples.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Shapiro-Shelef, M.; Calame, K. Regulation of plasma-cell development. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 5, 2302–2342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Quezada, S.A.; Jarvinen, L.Z.; Lind, E.F.; Noelle, R.J. CD40/CD154 interactions at the interface of tolerance and immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 22, 307–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Aiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Okada, T.; Gotoh, K.; Sanjo, H.; Ogata, M.; Kurosaki, T. BANK Negatively Regulates Akt Activation and Subsequent B Cell Responses. Immunity 2006, 24, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Suthers, A.N.; Sarantopoulos, S. TLR7/TLR9- and B Cell Receptor-Signaling Crosstalk: Promotion of Potentially Dangerous B Cells. Front. Immunol. 2017, 8, 775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Dymecki, S.M.; Niederhuber, J.E.; Desiderio, S.V. Specific expression of a tyrosine kinase gene, blk, in B lymphoid cells. Science 1990, 247, 332–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Tretter, T.; Ross, A.E.; Dordai, D.I.; Desiderio, S. Mimicry of pre-B cell receptor signaling by activation of the tyrosine kinase Blk. J. Exp. Med. 2003, 198, 1863–1873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Castillejo-López, C.; Delgado-Vega, A.M.; Wojcik, J.; Kozyrev, S.V.; Thavathiru, E.; Wu, Y.-Y.; Sánchez, E.; Pöllmann, D.; López-Egido, J.R.; Fineschi, S.; et al. Genetic and physical interaction of the B-cell systemic lupus erythematosus-associated genes BANK1 and BLK. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2012, 71, 136–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kozyrev, S.V.; Abelson, A.-K.; Wojcik, J.; Zaghlool, A.; PrasadLinga, R.M.V.; Sanchez, E.; Gunnarsson, I.; Svenungsson, E.; Sturfelt, G.; Jönsen, A.; et al. Functional variants in the B-cell gene BANK1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40, 211–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. García-Bermúdez, M.; González-Juanatey, C.; López-Mejías, R.; Teruel, M.; Corrales, A.; Miranda-Filloy, J.A.; Castañeda, S.; Balsa, A.; Fernández-Gutierrez, B.; González-Álvaro, I.; et al. Study of association of CD40-CD154 gene polymorphisms with disease susceptibility and cardiovascular risk in Spanish rheumatoid arthritis patients. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e49214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Jacobson, E.M.; Huber, A.K.; Akeno, N.; Sivak, M.; Li, C.W.; Concepcion, E.; Ho, K.; Tomer, Y. A CD40 Kozak sequence polymorphism and susceptibility to antibody-mediated autoimmune conditions: The role of CD40 tissue-specific expression. Genes Immun. 2007, 8, 205–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Kelly, F.; Matesanz, F.; Alcina, A.; Teruel, M.; Díaz-Gallo, L.M.; Gómez-García, M.; López-Nevot, M.A.; Rodrigo, L.; Nieto, A.; Cardeña, C.; et al. CD40: Novel association with Crohn’s disease and replication in multiple sclerosis susceptibility. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e11520. [Google Scholar]
  12. Bahlo, M.; Booth, D.R.; Broadley, S.A.; Brown, M.A.; Foote, S.J.; Griffiths, L.R.; Kilpatrick, T.J.; Lechner-Scott, J.; Moscato, P.; Perreau, V.M.; et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20. Nat. Genet. 2009, 41, 824–828. [Google Scholar]
  13. Onouchi, Y.; Ozaki, K.; Burns, J.C.; Shimizu, C.; Terai, M.; Hamada, H.; Honda, T.; Suzuki, H.; Suenaga, T.; Takeuchi, T.; et al. A genome-wide association study identifies three new risk loci for Kawasaki disease. Nat. Genet. 2012, 44, 517–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Yang, W.; Shen, N.; Ye, D.-Q.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, X.-X.; Hirankarn, N.; Ying, D.; Pan, H.F.; Mok, C.C.; et al. Genome-wide association study in Asian populations identifies variants in ETS1 and WDFY4 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet. 2010, 6, e1000841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Gregersen, P.K.; Amos, C.I.; Lee, A.T.; Lu, Y.; Remmers, E.F.; Kastner, D.L.; Seldin, M.F.; Criswell, L.A.; Plenge, R.M.; Holers, V.M.; et al. REL, encoding a member of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, is a newly defined risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Genet. 2009, 41, 820–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Gourh, P.; Agarwal, S.K.; Martin, E.; Divecha, D.; Rueda, B.; Bunting, H.; Assassi, S.; Paz, G.; Shete, S.; McNearney, T.; et al. Association of the C8orf13-BLK region with systemic sclerosis in North-American and European populations. J. Autoimmun. 2010, 34, 155–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Graham, R.R.; Cotsapas, C.; Davies, L.; Hackett, R.; Lessard, C.J.; Leon, J.M.; Burtt, N.P.; Guiducci, C.; Parkin, M.; Gates, C.; et al. Genetic variants near TNFAIP3 on 6q23 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40, 1059–1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Ramírez-Bello, J.; Fragoso, J.M.; Alemán-Ávila, I.; Jiménez-Morales, S.; Campos-Parra, A.D.; Barbosa-Cobos, R.E.; Moreno, J. Association of BLK and BANK1 Polymorphisms and Interactions With Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Latin-American Population. Front. Genet. 2020, 11, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Orozco, G.; Abelson, A.-K.; González-Gay, M.A.; Balsa, A.; Pascual-Salcedo, D.; García, A.; Fernández-Gutierrez, B.; Petersson, I.; Pons-Estel, B.; Eimon, A.; et al. Study of functional variants of the BANK1 gene in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Off. J. Am. Coll. Rheumatol. 2009, 60, 372–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, L.; Castañeda, S.; Vázquez-Rodríguez, T.R.; Morado, I.C.; Marí-Alfonso, B.; Gómez-Vaquero, C.; Miranda-Filloy, J.A.; Narvaez, J.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Blanco, R.; et al. Influence of CD40 rs1883832 polymorphism in susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J. Rheumatol. 2010, 37, 2076–2080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Torres, O.; Palomino-Morales, R.; Vazquez-Rodriguez, T.R.; Castañeda, S.; Morado, I.C.; Miranda-Filloy, J.A.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, B.; Martin, J.; Gonzalez-Gay, M.A. Role of the C8orf13-BLK region in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Hum. Immunol. 2010, 71, 525–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Lee, Y.C.; Kuo, H.-C.; Chang, J.-S.; Chang, L.-Y.; Huang, L.-M.; Chen, M.-R.; Liang, C.-D.; Chi, H.; Huang, F.-Y.; Lee, M.-L.; et al. Two new susceptibility loci for Kawasaki disease identified through genome-wide association analysis. Nat. Genet. 2012, 44, 522–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. González-Gay, M.A.; García-Porrúa, C. Epidemiology of the vasculitides. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 27, 729–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Calviño, M.C.; Llorca, J.; García-Porrúa, C.; Fernández-Iglesias, J.L.; Rodriguez-Ledo, P.; González-Gay, M.A. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children from northwestern Spain: A 20-year epidemiologic and clinical study. Medicine 2001, 80, 279–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. García-Porrúa, C.; Calviño, M.C.; Llorca, J.; Couselo, J.M.; González-Gay, M.A. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children and adults: Clinical differences in a defined population. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 32, 149–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Calvo-Río, V.; Loricera, J.; Mata, C.; Martín, L.; Ortiz-Sanjuán, F.; Alvarez, L.; González-Vela, M.C.; González-Lamuño, D.; Rueda-Gotor, J.; Fernández-Llaca, H.; et al. Henoch-Schönlein purpura in northern Spain: Clinical spectrum of the disease in 417 patients from a single center. Medicine 2014, 93, 106–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. González-Gay, M.A.; Blanco, R.; Castañeda, S. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis): The paradox of the different incidence and clinical spectrum in children and adults. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2017, 35 (Suppl. S103), 3–4. [Google Scholar]
  28. González-Gay, M.A.; García-Porrúa, C. Systemic vasculitis in adults in Northwestern Spain, 1988–1997: Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Medicine 1999, 78, 292–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Calvo-Río, V.; Hernández, J.L.; Ortiz-Sanjuán, F.; Loricera, J.; Palmou-Fontana, N.; González-Vela, M.C.; González-Lamuño, D.; González-López, M.A.; Armesto, S.; Blanco, R.; et al. Relapses in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Analysis of 417 patients from a single center. Medicine 2016, 95, e4217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. López-Mejías, R.; Castañeda, S.; Genre, F.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Carmona, F.D.; Llorca, J.; Blanco, R.; Martín, J.; González-Gay, M.A. Genetics of immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura): An updated review. Autoimmun. Rev. 2018, 17, 301–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. López-Mejías, R.; Genre, F.; Pérez, B.S.; Castañeda, S.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Llorca, J.; Ubilla, B.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Mijares, V.; Pina, T.; et al. HLA-DRB1 association with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015, 67, 823–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. López-Mejías, R.; Genre, F.; Pérez, B.S.; Castañeda, S.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Llorca, J.; Ubilla, B.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Mijares, V.; Pina, T.; et al. Association of HLA-B*41:02 with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis) in Spanish individuals irrespective of the HLA-DRB1 status. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2015, 17, 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Michel, B.A.; Hunder, G.G.; Bloch, D.A.; Calabrese, L.H. Hypersensitivity vasculitis and Henoch-Schönlein purpura: A comparison between the 2 disorders. J. Rheumatol. 1992, 19, 721–728. [Google Scholar]
  34. Mills, J.A.; Michel, B.A.; Bloch, D.A.; Calabrese, L.H.; Hunder, G.G.; Arend, W.P.; Edworthy, S.M.; Fauci, A.S.; Leavitt, R.Y.; Lie, J.T.; et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33, 1114–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Jennette, J.C.; Falk, R.J.; Bacon, P.A.; Basu, N.; Cid, M.C.; Ferrario, F.; Flores-Suarez, L.F.; Gross, W.L.; Guillevin, L.; Hagen, E.C.; et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013, 65, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Hom, G.; Graham, R.R.; Modrek, B.; Taylor, K.E.; Ortmann, W.; Garnier, S.; Lee, A.T.; Chung, S.S.; Ferreira, R.C.; Krishna Pant, P.V.; et al. Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13–BLK and ITGAM–ITGAX. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358, 900–909. [Google Scholar]
  37. Lipsky, P.E. Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease of B cell hyperactivity. Nat. Immunol. 2001, 2, 764–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Yanaba, K.; Bouaziz, J.-D.; Matsushita, T.; Magro, C.M.; William St Clair, E.; Tedder, T.F. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev. 2008, 223, 284–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. López-Mejías, R.; Genre, F.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Sevilla Pérez, B.; Castañeda, S.; Llorca, J.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Ubilla, B.; Mijares, V.; Pina, T.; et al. Interleukin 1 beta (IL1ß) rs16944 genetic variant as a genetic marker of severe renal manifestations and renal sequelae in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2016, 34 (Suppl. S97), S84–S88. [Google Scholar]
  40. Amoli, M.M.; Thomson, W.; Hajeer, A.H.; Calviño, M.C.; Garcia-Porrua, C.; Ollier, W.E.R.; Gonzalez-Gay, M.A. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is associated with severe renal involvement and renal sequelae in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J. Rheumatol. 2002, 29, 1404–1407. [Google Scholar]
  41. Amoli, M.M.; Thomson, W.; Hajeer, A.H.; Calviño, M.C.; Garcia-Porrua, C.; Ollier, W.E.R.; Gonzalez-Gay, M.A. Interleukin 8 gene polymorphism is associated with increased risk of nephritis in cutaneous vasculitis. J. Rheumatol. 2002, 29, 2367–2370. [Google Scholar]
  42. Amoli, M.M.; Mattey, D.L.; Calviño, M.C.; Garcia-Porrua, C.; Thomson, W.; Hajeer, A.H. Polymorphism at codon 469 of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 locus is associated with protection against severe gastrointestinal complications in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 28, 1014–1018. [Google Scholar]
  43. Carmona, E.G.; García-Giménez, J.A.; López-Mejías, R.; Chuen Khor, C.; Lee, J.-K.; Taskiran, E.; Ozen, S.; Hocevar, A.; Liu, L.; Gorenjak, M.; et al. Identification of a shared genetic risk locus for Kawasaki disease and immunoglobulin A vasculitis by a cross-phenotype meta-analysis. Rheumatology 2022, 61, 1204–1210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Ortiz-Fernández, L.; Carmona, F.D.; López-Mejías, R.; González-Escribano, M.F.; Lyons, P.A.; Morgan, A.W.; Sawalha, A.H.; Merkel, P.A.; Smith, K.G.C.; González-Gay, M.A.; et al. Cross-phenotype analysis of Immunochip data identifies KDM4C as a relevant locus for the development of systemic vasculitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2018, 77, 589–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Torres, O.; Palomino-Morales, R.; Castañeda, S.; Vazquez-Rodriguez, T.R.; Morado, I.C.; Miranda-Filloy, J.A.; Amigo-Diaz, E.; Vicente, E.F.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, B.; et al. Role of BANK1 gene polymorphisms in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J. Rheumatol. 2010, 37, 1502–1504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Montúfar-Robles, I.; Soto, M.E.; Jiménez-Morales, S.; Gamboa, R.; Huesca-Gómez, C.; Ramírez-Bello, J. Polymorphisms in TNFAIP3, but not in STAT4, BANK1, BLK, and TNFSF4, are associated with susceptibility to Takayasu arteritis. Cell. Immunol. 2021, 365, 104375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Donadio, J.V.; Grande, J.P. IgA nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 738–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Wyatt, R.J.; Julian, B.A. IgA nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 2402–2414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Gharavi, A.G.; Kiryluk, K.; Choi, M.; Li, Y.; Hou, P.; Xie, J.; Sanna-Cherchi, S.; Men, C.J.; Julian, B.A.; Wyatt, R.J.; et al. Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy. Nat. Genet. 2011, 43, 321–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Yu, X.-Q.; Li, M.; Zhang, H.; Low, H.-Q.; Wei, X.; Wang, J.-Q.; Sun, L.-D.; Sim, K.-S.; Li, Y.; Foo, J.-N.; et al. A genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies multiple susceptibility loci for IgA nephropathy. Nat. Genet. 2011, 44, 178–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Kiryluk, K.; Li, Y.; Scolari, F.; Panacherie, S.; Choi, M.; Verbitsky, M.; Fasel, D.; Lata, S.; Prakash, S.; Shapiro, S.; et al. Discovery of new risk loci for IgA nephropathy implicates genes involved in immunity against intestinal pathogens. Nat. Genet. 2014, 46, 1187–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Table
Table 1. Main clinical characteristic of the 382 IgAV patients recruited in our study.
Table 1. Main clinical characteristic of the 382 IgAV patients recruited in our study.
% (n)
Children (age ≤20 years)/adults (age >20 years) (n)296/86
Percentage of females47.4
Age at disease onset (years, median [IQR])7 [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]
Duration of follow up (years, median [IQR])1 [1,2,3]
Palpable purpura and/or maculopapular rash100 (382)
Arthralgia and/or arthritis55.5 (212)
GI manifestations (if “a” and/or “b”)53.1 (203)
   (a) Bowel angina50.3 (192)
   (b) GI bleeding16.8 (64)
Renal manifestations (if any of the following characteristics)36.1 (138)
   (a) Hematuria 134.8 (133)
   (b) Proteinuria 133.5 (128)
   (c) Nephrotic syndrome 15.8 (22)
   (d) Renal sequelae (persistent renal involvement) 26.8 (26)
IgAV: IgA vasculitis; IQR: interquartile range; GI: gastrointestinal. 1 At any time over the clinical course of the disease; 2 at last follow up.
Table
Table 2. CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies in patients with IgAV and healthy controls.
Table 2. CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies in patients with IgAV and healthy controls.
Change Genotypes, % (n)Allele Test1
LocusSNP1/2Sample Set1/11/22/2pOR [95% CI]
CD40rs1883832C/TIgAV patients54.0 (205)36.8 (140)9.2 (35)0.691.04 [0.86–1.26]
Healthy controls53.1 (507)40.1 (383)6.8 (65)
rs1535045C/TIgAV patients53.6 (201)39.5 (148)6.9 (26)0.451.08 [0.88–1.31]
Healthy controls56.8 (542)36.0 (344)7.2 (69)
rs4813003C/TIgAV patients77.9 (292)20.0 (75)2.1 (8)0.350.88 [0.68–1.15]
Healthy controls75.5 (721)22.0 (210)2.5 (24)
BLKrs2254546G/AIgAV patients74.1 (278)22.4 (84)3.5 (13)0.740.96 [0.75–1.22]
Healthy controls71.5 (683)26.6 (254)1.9 (18)
rs2736340C/TIgAV patients63.0 (238)31.7 (120)5.3 (20)0.600.95 [0.77–1.17]
Healthy controls60.0 (573)35.8 (342)4.2 (40)
rs2618476T/CIgAV patients60.2 (228)34.3 (130)5.5 (21)0.690.96 [0.78–1.18]
Healthy controls57.9 (553)37.4 (357)4.7 (45)
BANK1rs10516487G/AIgAV patients52.5 (200)40.2 (153)7.3 (28)0.800.98 [0.81–1.18]
Healthy controls51.2 (489)41.8 (399)7.0 (67)
rs3733197G/AIgAV patients50.0 (188)39.1 (147)10.9 (41)0.531.06 [0.88–1.28]
Healthy controls50.0 (478)41.5 (396)8.5 (81)
IgAV: IgA vasculitis; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.1 For the minor allele.
Table
Table 3. CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies in IgAV patients stratified according to clinical characteristics.
Table 3. CD40, BLK and BANK1 genotype and allele frequencies in IgAV patients stratified according to clinical characteristics.
LocusSNPChildren (Age ≤20 Years)GI Manifestations 1Renal Manifestations 2
Yes
(n = 296)		No
(n = 86)		Yes
(n = 203)		No
(n = 179)		Yes
(n = 138)		No
(n = 244)
CD40rs1883832
CC53.7 (159)54.8 (46)52.2 (105)55.9 (100)54.4 (74)53.7 (131)
CT38.2 (113)32.1 (27)39.3 (79)34.1 (61)36.8 (50)36.9 (90)
TT8.1 (24)13.1 (11)8.5 (17)10.0 (18)8.8 (12)9.4 (23)
C72.8 (431)70.8 (119)71.9 (289)72.9 (261)72.8 (198)72.1 (352)
T27.2 (161)29.2 (49)28.1 (113)27.1 (97)27.2 (74)27.9 (136)
rs1535045
CC54.3 (158)51.2 (43)50.3 (100)57.4 (101)50.4 (68)55.4 (133)
CT38.1 (111)44.0 (37)42.2 (84)36.4 (64)41.5 (56)38.3 (92)
TT7.6 (22)4.8 (4)7.5 (15)6.2 (11)8.1 (11)6.3 (15)
C73.4 (427)73.2 (123)71.4 (284)75.6 (266)71.1 (192)74.6 (358)
T26.6 (155)26.8 (45)28.6 (114)24.4 (86)28.9 (78)25.4 (122)
rs4813003
CC77.0 (224)80.9 (68)75.2 (152)80.9 (140)81.7 (112)75.6 (180)
CT21.3 (62)15.5 (13)21.8 (44)17.9 (31)16.1 (22)22.3 (53)
TT1.7 (5)3.6 (3)3.0 (6)1.2 (2)2.2 (3)2.1 (5)
C87.6 (510)88.7 (149)86.1 (348)89.9 (311)89.8 (246)86.8 (413)
T12.4 (72)11.3 (19)13.9 (56)10.1 (35)10.2 (28)13.2 (63)
rs2254546
BLKGG74.5 (216)73.0 (62)77.9 (155)69.9 (123)73.3 (99)74.6 (179)
GA22.1 (64)23.5 (20)18.6 (37)26.7 (47)23.7 (32)21.7 (52)
AA3.4 (10)3.5 (3)3.5 (7)3.4 (6)3.0 (4)3.7 (9)
G85.5 (496)84.7 (144)87.2 (347)83.2 (293)85.2 (230)85.4 (410)
A14.5 (84)15.3 (26)12.8 (51)16.8 (59)14.8 (40)14.6 (70)
rs2736340
CC63.1 (185)62.4 (53)64.8 (129)60.9 (109)69.1 (94)59.5 (144)
CT31.4 (92)32.9 (28)30.2 (60)33.5 (60)27.2 (37)34.3 (83)
TT5.5 (16)4.7 (4)5.0 (10)5.6 (10)3.7 (5)6.2 (15)
C78.8 (462)78.8 (134)79.9 (318)77.7 (278)82.7 (225)76.7 (371)
T21.2 (124)21.2 (36)20.1 (80)22.3 (80)17.3 (47)23.3 (113)
rs2618476
TT60.2 (177)60.0 (51)61.9 (125)58.2 (103)65.0 (89)57.4 (139)
TC33.3 (98)37.6 (32)34.1 (69)34.5 (61)32.1 (44)35.6 (86)
CC6.5 (19)2.4 (2)4.0 (8)7.3 (13)2.9 (4)7.0 (17)
T76.9 (452)78.8 (134)79.0 (319)75.4 (267)81.0 (222)75.2 (364)
C23.1 (136)21.2 (36)21.0 (85)24.6 (87)19.0 (52)24.8 (120)
BANK1rs10516487
GG52.5 (155)52.3 (45)51.0 (103)54.2 (97)50.0 (69)53.9 (131)
GA40.0 (118)40.7 (35)41.1 (83)39.1 (70)40.6 (56)39.9 (97)
AA7.5 (22)7.0 (6)7.9 (16)6.7 (12)9.4 (13)6.2 (15)
G72.5 (428)72.7 (125)71.5 (289)73.7 (264)70.3 (194)73.9 (359)
A27.5 (162)27.3 (47)28.5 (115)26.3 (94)29.7 (82)26.1 (127)
rs3733197
GG48.6 (141)54.6 (47)47.5 (95)52.8 (93)46.0 (63)52.3 (125)
GA41.4 (120)31.4 (27)43.5 (87)34.1 (60)41.6 (57)37.7 (90)
AA10.0 (29)14.0 (12)9.0 (18)13.1 (23)12.4 (17)10.0 (24)
G69.3 (402)70.3 (121)69.2 (277)69.9 (246)66.8 (183)71.1 (340)
A30.7 (178)29.7 (51)30.8 (123)30.1 (106)33.2 (91)28.9 (138)
IgAV: IgA vasculitis; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; GI: gastrointestinal; 1 Bowel angina and/or gastrointestinal bleeding; 2 hematuria, proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome at any time over the clinical course of the disease and/or renal sequelae (persistent renal involvement) at last follow up.
Table
Table 4. CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype analysis in patients with IgAV and healthy controls.
Table 4. CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype analysis in patients with IgAV and healthy controls.
CD40pOR [95% CI]
rs1883832rs1535045rs4813003
CCC-Ref.
CTC0.780.97 [0.76–1.23]
TCC0.220.85 [0.65–1.11]
TCT0.221.24 [0.87–1.81]
BLKpOR [95% CI]
rs2254546rs2736340rs2618476
GCT-Ref.
GTC0.101.22 [0.96–1.56]
ACT0.051.35 [0.99–1.86]
ATC0.440.85 [0.55–1.33]
BANK1pOR [95% CI]
rs10516487rs3733197
GG -Ref.
AA 0.901.01 [0.82–1.26]
GA 0.060.74 [0.53–1.03]
AG 0.660.92 [0.62–1.38]
IgAV: IgA vasculitis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Haplotypes of CD40, BLK and BANK1 with a frequency higher than 5% are displayed in the table.
Table
Table 5. CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype analysis in IgAV patients stratified according to clinical characteristics.
Table 5. CD40, BLK and BANK1 haplotype analysis in IgAV patients stratified according to clinical characteristics.
Age of OnsetPresence/Absence of GI Manifestations 1Presence/Absence of Renal Manifestations 2
CD40pOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]
rs1883832rs1535045rs4813003
CCC-Ref.-Ref.-Ref.
CTC0.640.89 [0.55–1.48]0.141.34 [0.89–2.04]0.121.37 [0.90–2.09]
TCC0.261.34 [0.78–2.35]0.841.04 [0.66–1.65]0.251.30 [0.81–2.06]
TCT0.170.63 [0.31–1.34]0.461.26 [0.65–2.47]0.150.60 [0.26–1.25]
BLKpOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]
rs2254546rs2736340rs2618476
GCT-Ref.-Ref.-Ref.
GTC0.311.30 [0.77–2.27]0.730.93 [0.61–1.43]0.070.66 [0.41–1.05]
ACT0.411.32 [0.67–2.81]0.440.81 [0.46–1.42]0.801.07 [0.60–1.89]
ATC0.510.78 [0.35–1.87]0.050.50 [0.22–1.05]0.660.85 [0.38–1.83]
BANK1pOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]pOR [95% CI]
rs10516487rs3733197
GG -Ref.-Ref.-Ref.
AA 0.960.99 [0.64–1.54]0.821.04 [0.72–1.51]0.241.25 [0.85–1.82]
GA 0.401.33 [0.67–2.83]0.721.01 [0.63–1.93]0.511.20 [0.67–2.11]
AG 0.571.26 [0.55–3.26]0.281.43 [0.71–2.93]0.821.08 [0.52–2.18]
IgAV: IgA vasculitis; GI: gastrointestinal; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Haplotypes of CD40, BLK and BANK1 with a frequency higher than 5% are displayed in the table; 1 bowel angina and/or gastrointestinal bleeding; 2 hematuria, proteinuria, or nephrotic syndrome at any time over the clinical course of the disease and/or renal sequelae (persistent renal involvement) at last follow up.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Batista Liz, J.C.; Genre, F.; Pulito-Cueto, V.; Remuzgo-Martínez, S.; Prieto-Peña, D.; Márquez, A.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Leonardo, M.T.; Peñalba, A.; Narváez, J.; et al. IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195577

AMA Style

Batista Liz JC, Genre F, Pulito-Cueto V, Remuzgo-Martínez S, Prieto-Peña D, Márquez A, Ortego-Centeno N, Leonardo MT, Peñalba A, Narváez J, et al. IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(19):5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195577

Chicago/Turabian Style

Batista Liz, Joao Carlos, Fernanda Genre, Verónica Pulito-Cueto, Sara Remuzgo-Martínez, Diana Prieto-Peña, Ana Márquez, Norberto Ortego-Centeno, María Teresa Leonardo, Ana Peñalba, Javier Narváez, and et al. 2022. "IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 19: 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195577

APA Style

Batista Liz, J. C., Genre, F., Pulito-Cueto, V., Remuzgo-Martínez, S., Prieto-Peña, D., Márquez, A., Ortego-Centeno, N., Leonardo, M. T., Peñalba, A., Narváez, J., Martín-Penagos, L., Belmar-Vega, L., Gómez-Fernández, C., Miranda-Filloy, J. A., Caminal-Montero, L., Collado, P., De Árgila, D., Quiroga-Colina, P., Vicente-Rabaneda, E. F., ... López-Mejías, R. (2022). IgA Vasculitis: Influence of CD40, BLK and BANK1 Gene Polymorphisms. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19), 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195577

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop