Prevalence, Characteristics, Management and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HF Prevalent Cohort (n = 21,297; 100%) | HFrEF (n = 10,323; 48.5%) | HFmrEF (n = 903; 4.2%) | HFpEF (n = 8225; 38.6%) | HFpEF (50 to <60) (n = 2995; 14.1%) | HFpEF (≥60) (n = 5230; 24.6%) | HFuEF (n = 1846; 8.7%) | p-Value (HFmrEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (HFpEF vs. HFrEF) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biodemographic Data | |||||||||
Age (years) at index date Mean (SD) Median (25th75th percentile) Range (min–max) | 78.8 (11.8) 79.1 (71.9–87.6) (18–102.8) | 73.6 (9.7) 73.8 (67.5–79.8) (18–96.36) | 81.7 (9.9) 80.6 (75.6–89.4) (21.6–98.8) | 84.0 (11.4) 85.6 (78.2–91.9) (18.5–102.8) | 84.1 (11.3) 85.7 (78.4–89.4) (18.6–98.8) | 84.0 (11.4) 85.5 (78.2–91.9) (18.5–100.5) | 83.3 (11.9) 85.5 (78.0–91.9) (18.9–100.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Age groupsn (%) <45 years 45–64 years 65–74 years 75–84 years ≥85 years | 251 (1.2) 2007 (9.4) 5124 (24.1) 6981 (32.8) 6934 (32.6) | 122 (1.2) 1479 (14.3) 4087 (39.6) 3314 (32.1) 1321 (12.8) | 2 (0.2) 34 (3.8) 168 (18.6) 346 (38.3) 353 (39.1) | 103 (1.3) 376 (4.6) 695 (8.5) 2754 (33.5) 4297 (52.2) | 37 (1.2) 134 (4.5) 244 (8.2) 1000 (33.4) 1580 (52.8) | 66 (1.3) 242 (4.6) 451 (8.6) 1754 (33.5) 2717 (52.0) | 24 (1.3) 118 (6.4) 174 (9.4) 567 (30.7) 963 (52.2) | ||
Gendermalen (%) | 11,278 (53.0) | 6782 (65.7) | 440 (48.7) | 3068 (37.3) | 1102 (36.8) | 1966 (37.6) | 988 (53.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
NYHA at index daten (%) Class I Class II Class III Class IV Unknown | 2137 (10.0) 8949 (42.0) 8728 (41.0) 1013 (4.8) 470 (2.2) | 1030 (10.0) 3689 (35.7) 4750 (46.0) 612 (5.9) 242 (2.3) | 91 (10.1) 332 (36.8) 411 (45.5) 56 (6.2) 13 (1.4) | 817 (9.9) 4176 (50.8) 2783 (33.8) 280 (3.4) 169 (2.1) | 322 (10.8) 1504 (50.2) 1016 (33.9) 92 (3.1) 61 (2.0) | 495 (9.5) 2672 (51.1) 1767 (33.8) 188 (3.6) 108 (2.1) | 199 (10.8) 752 (40.7) 784 (42.5) 65 (3.5) 46 (2.5) | 0.494 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factorsn (%) | |||||||||
Hypertension | 14,379 (67.5) | 6885 (66.7) | 662 (73.3) | 5550 (67.5) | 2021 (67.5) | 3529 (67.5) | 1282 (69.5) | <0.001 | 0.261 |
Dyslipidemia | 10,457 (49.1) | 4681 (45.4) | 457 (50.6) | 4384 (53.3) | 1601 (53.5) | 2783 (53.2) | 935 (50.7) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Diabetes type 1 | 844 (4.0) | 499 (4.8) | 32 (3.5) | 258 (3.1) | 100 (3.3) | 158 (3.0) | 55 (3.0) | 0.080 | <0.001 |
Diabetes type 2 | 6772 (31.8) | 3331 (32.3) | 236 (26.1) | 2630 (32.0) | 1127 (37.6) | 1503 (28.7) | 575 (31.2) | <0.001 | 0.672 |
Vascular diseasen (%) | |||||||||
Coronary artery disease | 8124 (38.2) | 4520 (43.8) | 288 (31.9) | 2653 (32.3) | 971 (32.4) | 1682 (32.2) | 663 (35.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease Stage Unknown Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Stage V | 6452 (30.3) 2706 (12.7) 179 (0.8) 644 (3.0) 2225 (10.5) 524 (2.5) 174 (1.0) | 3411 (33.0) 1451 (14.1) 86 (0.8) 327 (3.2) 1179 (11.4) 281 (2.7) 87 (1.1) | 272 (30.1) 106 (11.7) 6 (0.7) 19 (2.1) 106 (11.7) 26 (2.9) 9 (1.1) | 2286 (27.8) 953 (11.6) 73 (0.9) 250 (3.0) 789 (9.6) 153 (1.9) 68 (0.9) | 849 (28.4) 358 (12.0) 26 (0.9) 85 (2.8) 296 (9.9) 63 (2.1) 21 (0.9) | 1437 (27.5) 595 (11.4) 47 (0.9) 165 (3.2) 493 (9.4) 90 (1.7) 47 (0.9) | 483 (26.2) 196 (10.6) 14 (0.8) 48 (2.6) 151 (8.2) 64 (3.5) 10 (0.6) | 0.073 | <0.001 |
Myocardial Infarction | 3174 (14.9) | 1645 (15.9) | 103 (11.4) | 1110 (13.5) | 384 (12.8) | 726 (13.9) | 316 (17.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Stroke | 2254 (10.6) | 1327 (12.9) | 107 (11.9) | 617 (7.5) | 297 (9.9) | 320 (6.1) | 203 (11.0) | 0.385 | <0.001 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 1074 (5.0) | 616 (6.0) | 24 (2.7) | 337 (4.1) | 146 (4.9) | 191 (3.7) | 97 (5.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Other comorbiditiesn (%) | |||||||||
COPD | 3319 (15.6) | 1716 (16.6) | 121 (13.4) | 1202 (14.6) | 441 (14.7) | 761 (14.6) | 280 (15.2) | 0.012 | <0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 6785 (31.9) | 2538 (24.6) | 283 (31.3) | 3364 (40.9) | 1205 (40.2) | 2159 (41.3) | 600 (32.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Anemia within 1 year before index date | 6540 (30.7) | 3266 (31.6) | 255 (28.2) | 2503 (30.4) | 910 (30.4) | 1593 (30.5) | 516 (28.0) | 0.035 | 0.078 |
Cancer before index date | 2776 (13.0) | 1313 (12.72) | 109 (12.1) | 1077 (13.1) | 368 (12.3) | 709 (13.6) | 277 (15.0) | 0.574 | 0.449 |
Dementia | 1058 (5.0) | 568 (5.5) | 45 (5.0) | 360 (4.4) | 168 (5.6) | 192 (3.7) | 85 (4.6) | 0.510 | <0.001 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index Mean (SD) Median (25th75th percentile) | 3.0 (1.5) 3 (2–4) | 3.1 (1.5) 3 (2–4) | 3.0 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 3.0 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 3.3 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 2.8 (1.5) 2 (2–4) | 3.0 (1.5) 3 (2–4) | 0.066 | <0.001 |
Medicationsn (%) | |||||||||
HF drugs | |||||||||
Diuretics | 15,780 (74.1) | 7759 (75.2) | 649 (71.9) | 5964 (72.5) | 2174 (72.6) | 3790 (72.5) | 1408 (76.3) | 0.029 | <0.001 |
ACEi/ARB | 14,335 (67.3) | 7840 (76.0) | 574 (63.6) | 4806 (58.4) | 1734 (57.9) | 3072 (58.7) | 1115 (60.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Beta-blockers | 13,043 (61.2) | 6631 (64.2) | 602 (66.7) | 4693 (57.1) | 1711 (57.1) | 2982 (57.0) | 1117 (60.5) | 0.143 | <0.001 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 4973 (23.4) | 2609 (25.3) | 207 (22.9) | 1765 (21.5) | 654 (21.8) | 1111 (21.2) | 392 (21.2) | 0.118 | <0.001 |
Digoxin | 4311 (20.2) | 2307 (22.4) | 162 (17.9) | 1437 (17.5) | 526 (17.6) | 911 (17.4) | 405 (21.9) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Ivabradine | 1502 (7.1) | 873 (8.5) | 38 (4.2) | 449 (5.5) | 181 (6.0) | 268 (5.1) | 142 (7.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hydralazine and nitrate | 19 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 5 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | 0 | 0.643 | 0.152 |
ARNI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Other cardiovascular drugs at baseline | |||||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs | 11,282 (53.0) | 5888 (57.0) | 534 (59.1) | 3925 (47.7) | 1419 (47.4) | 2506 (47.9) | 935 (50.7) | 0.222 | <0.001 |
Any antiplatelet drugs ASA P2Y12 inhibitors DAPT (ASA + P2Y12) | 7732 (36.3) 5269 (24.7) 2174 (10.2) 876 (4.1) | 4223 (40.9) 3012 (29.2) 1181 (11.4) 442 (4.3) | 294 (32.6) 200 (22.2) 80 (8.9) 30 (3.3) | 2567 (31.2) 1647 (20.0) 708 (8.6) 346 (4.2) | 921 (30.8) 596 (19.9) 264 (8.8) 144 (4.8) | 1646 (31.5) 1051 (20.1) 444 (8.5) 202 (3.9) | 648 (35.1) 410 (22.2) 205 (11.1) 58 (3.1) | <0.001 <0.001 0.019 0.168 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.801 |
Anticoagulants | 6048 (28.4) | 2271 (22.0) | 242 (26.8) | 2987 (36.3) | 1072 (35.8) | 1915 (36.6) | 548 (29.7) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers | 4461 (21.0) | 751 (7.3) | 154 | 3155 (38.4) | 1153 (38.5) | 2002 (38.3) | <0.001 | (17.1) | <0.001 |
Nitrates | 2428 (11.4) | 1196 (11.6) | 116 (12.9) | 878 (10.7) | 329 (11.0) | 549 (10.5) | 238 (12.9) | 0.258 | 0.050 |
Nicorandil | 14 (0.1) | 5 (0.05) | 0 | 7 (0.1) | 3 (0.10) | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0.508 | 0.329 |
Antidiabetic drugs at baseline | |||||||||
Metformin | 6414 (30.1) | 3428 (33.2) | 283 (31.3) | 2138 (26.0) | 763 (25.5) | 1375 (26.3) | 565 (30.6) | 0.253 | <0.001 |
Sulfonylurea | 2626 (12.3) | 1339 (13.0) | 141 (15.6) | 918 (11.2) | 321 (10.7) | 597 (11.4) | 228 (12.4) | 0.024 | <0.001 |
DPP-4i | 2509 (11.8) | 1466 (14.2) | 67 (7.4) | 763 (9.3) | 277 (9.3) | 486 (9.3) | 213 (11.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Insulin | 1571 (7.4) | 790 (7.7) | 58 (6.4) | 591 (7.2) | 196 (6.5) | 395 (7.6) | 132 (7.2) | 0.180 | 0.228 |
SGLT2i | 1115 (5.2) | 704 (6.8) | 34 (3.8) | 267 (3.3) | 89 (3.0) | 178 (3.4) | 110 (6.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Other glucose-lowering drugs | 822 (3.9) | 476 (4.6) | 38 (4.2) | 230 (2.8) | 86 (2.9) | 144 (2.8) | 78 (4.2) | 0.579 | <0.001 |
GLP1-RA | 229 (1.1) | 98 (1.0) | 13 (1.4) | 98 (1.2) | 35 (1.2) | 63 (1.2) | 20 (1.1) | 0.153 | 0.109 |
Other drugs at baseline | |||||||||
PPIs | 13,942 (65.5) | 7704 (74.6) | 486 (53.8) | 4608 (56.0) | 1655 (55.3) | 2953 (56.5) | 1144 (62.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
NSAIDs | 9978 (46.9) | 5410 (52.4) | 297 (32.9) | 3399 (41.3) | 1215 (40.6) | 2184 (41.8) | 872 (47.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Number of drugs at index date | |||||||||
0 | 5 (0.02) | 1 (0.01) | 0 | 3 (0.04) | 3 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | ||
1 | 88 (0.4) | 22 (0.2) | 5 (0.6) | 55 (0.7) | 18 (0.6) | 37 (0.7) | 6 (0.3) | ||
2 | 460 (2.2) | 127 (1.2) | 38 (4,2) | 261 (3.2) | 97 (3,2) | 164 (3,1) | 34 (1.8) | ||
3 | 1489 (7.0) | 508 (4,9) | 86 (9,5) | 751 (9.1) | 258 (8.6) | 493 (9,4) | 144 (7.8) | ||
4 | 2884 (13.5) | 1134 (11.0) | 172 (19,1) | 1310 (15.9) | 516 (17.2) | 794 (15,2) | 268 (14.5) | ||
5 | 4253 (20.0) | 1865 (18,1) | 185 (20,5) | 1825 (22.2) | 658 (22.0) | 1167 (22,3) | 378 (20.5) | ||
≥6 | 12,118 (57.0) | 6666 (64.6) | 417 (46.2) | 4020 (48.9) | 1445 (48.2) | 2575 (49.2) | 1015 (55.0) |
HF Prevalent Cohort (n = 23,806; 100%) | HFrEF (n = 11,746; 49.3%) | HFmrEF (n = 1031; 4.3%) | HFpEF (n = 9062; 38.1%) | HFpEF (50 to <60) (n = 3321; 14.0%) | HFpEF (≥60) (n = 5741; 24.1%) | HFuEF (n = 1967; 8.3%) | p-Value (HFmrEF vs. HFrEF) | p-Value (HFpEF vs. HFrEF) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biodemographic data | |||||||||
Age (years) at index date Mean (SD) Median (25th75th percentile) Range (min–max) | 78.8 (12.4) 79.3 (70.9–88.4) (18.0–99.5) | 73.7 (10.1) 73.2 (68.3–80.2) (18.0–99.4) | 81.0 (11.2) 81.0 (75.9–89.3) (18.1–99.3) | 84.4 (12.1) 86.9 (79.0–93.1) (18.9–99.5) | 84.3 (12.3) 86.9 (79.0–89.3) (19.7–99.3) | 84.5 (12.1) 87.0 (79.1–93.1) (18.9–99.4) | 82.4 (13.8) 86.7 (73.2–93.1) (19.5–99.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Age groupsn (%) <45 years 45–64 years 65–74 years 75–84 years ≥85 years | 147 (0.6) 1918 (8.1) 5995 (25.2) 8063 (33.9) 7683 (32.3) | 52 (0.4) 1051 (9.0) 5296 (45.1) 4320 (36.8) 1027 (8.7) | 6 (0.6) 57 (5.5) 129 (12.5) 485 (47.0) 354 (34.3) | 64 (0.7) 663 (7.3) 214 (2.4) 2918 (32.2) 5203 (57.4) | 26 (0.9) 242 (7.3) 80 (2.4) 1076 (32.4) 1897 (57.1) | 38 (0.7) 421 (7.3) 134 (2.3) 1842 (32.1) 3306 (57.6) | 25 (1.3) 147 (7.5) 356 (18.1) 340 (17.3) 1099 (55.9) | ||
Gendermalen (%) | 12,780 (53.7) | 7713 (65.7) | 523 (50.7) | 3528 (38.9) | 1268 (38.2) | 2260 (39.4) | 1016 (51.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
NYHA at index daten (%) Class I Class II Class III Class IV Unknown | 2391 (10.0) 9967 (41.9) 9785 (41.1) 1132 (4.8) 531 (2.2) | 1194 (10.2) 4176 (35.6) 5400 (46.0) 701 (6.0) 275 (2.3) | 99 (9.6) 367 (35.6) 489 (47.4) 58 (5.6) 18 (1.8) | 879 (9.7) 4627 (51.1) 3079 (34.0) 293 (3.2) 184 (2.0) | 312 (9.4) 1669 (50.3) 1153 (34.7) 117 (3.5) 70 (2.1) | 567 (9.9) 2958 (51.5) 1926 (33.6) 176 (3.1) 114 (2.0) | 219 (11.1) 797 (40.5) 817 (41.5) 80 (4.1) 54 (2.8) | 0.665 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular risk factorsn (%) | |||||||||
Hypertension | 16,168 (67.9) | 7897 (67.2) | 775 (75.2) | 6133 (67.7) | 2229 (67.1) | 3904 (68.0) | 1363 (69.3) | <0.001 | 0.495 |
Dyslipidemia | 11,650 (48.9) | 5373 (45.7) | 492 (47.7) | 4800 (53.0) | 1727 (52.0) | 3073 (53.5) | 985 (50.1) | 0.222 | <0.001 |
Diabetes type 1 | 960 (4.0) | 565 (4.8) | 41 (4.0) | 279 (3.1) | 128 (3.9) | 151 (2.6) | 75 (3.8) | 0.227 | <0.001 |
Diabetes type 2 | 7603 (31.9) | 3794 (32.3) | 287 (27.8) | 2899 (32.0) | 1288 (38.8) | 1611 (28.1) | 623 (31.7) | 0.003 | 0.635 |
Vascular diseasen (%) | |||||||||
Coronary artery disease | 8986 (37.8) | 5053 (43.0) | 324 (31.4) | 2871 (31.7) | 1071 (32.3) | 1800 (31.4) | 738 (37.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease Stage Unknown Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV Stage V | 7271 (30.5) 2985 (12.5) 190 (0.8) 725 (3.01) 2586 (10.9) 576 (2.4) 209 (1.0) | 3935 (33.5) 1642 (14.0) 99 (0.8) 376 (3.2) 1390 (11.8) 316 (2.7) 112 (1.1) | 328 (31.8) 132 (12.8) 8 (0.8) 34 (3.3) 122 (11.8) 21 (2.0) 11 (1.1) | 2490 (27.5) 1001 (11.1) 72 (0.8) 269 (3.0) 896 (9.9) 183 (2.0) 69 (0.9) | 923 (27.8) 366 (11.0) 19 (0.6) 97 (2.9) 344 (10.4) 75 (2.3) 22 (0.9) | 1567 (27.3) 635 (11.1) 53 (0.9) 172 (3.0) 552 (9.6) 108 (1.9) 47 (0.9) | 518 (26.3) 210 (10.7) 11 (0.6) 46 (2.3) 178 (9.1) 56 (2.9) 17 (0.6) | 0.271 | <0.001 |
Myocardial Infarction | 3571 (15.0) | 1904 (16.2) | 118 (11.5) | 1239 (13.7) | 458 (13.8) | 781 (13.6) | 310 (15.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Stroke | 2525 (10.6) | 1497 (12.7) | 122 (11.8) | 692 (7.6) | 320 (9.6) | 372 (6.5) | 214 (10.9) | 0.399 | <0.001 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 1169 (4.9) | 684 (5.8) | 29 (2.8) | 349 (3.9) | 164 (4.9) | 185 (3.2) | 107 (5.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Other comorbiditiesn (%) | |||||||||
COPD | 3658 (15.4) | 1905 (16.2) | 127 (12.3) | 1319 (14.6) | 503 (15.2) | 816 (14.2) | 307 (15.6) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 7596 (31.9) | 2931 (25.0) | 315 (30.6) | 3718 (41.0) | 1353 (40.7) | 2365 (41.2) | 632 (32.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Anemia within 1 year before index date | 7276 (30.6) | 3721 (31.7) | 290 (28.1) | 2707 (29.9) | 973 (29.3) | 1734 (30.2) | 558 (28.4) | 0.018 | 0.005 |
Cancer before index date | 3160 (13.3) | 1514 (12.9) | 125 (12.1) | 1230 (13.6) | 435 (13.1) | 795 (13.9) | 291 (14.8) | 0.481 | 0.148 |
Dementia | 1264 (5.31) | 655 (5.6) | 64 (6.2) | 440 (4.9) | 200 (6.0) | 240 (4.2) | 105 (5.3) | 0.399 | 0.021 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index Mean (SD) Median (25th75th percentile) | 3.1 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 3.2 (1.5) 3 (2–4) | 3.1 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 3.1 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 3.5 (1.4) 3 (2–4) | 2.8 (1.3) 3 (2–4) | 3.1 (1.3) 3 (2–4) | 0.455 3 (2–4) | <0.001 |
Medicationsn (%) | |||||||||
HF drugs | |||||||||
Diuretics | 16,607 (69.8) | 8262 (70.3) | 689 (66.8) | 6277 (69.3) | 2309 (69.5) | 3968 (69.1) | 1379 (70.1) | 0.018 | 0.095 |
ACEi/ARB | 16,134 (67.8) | 8957 (76.3) | 631 (61.2) | 5331 (58.8) | 2017 (60.7) | 3314 (57.7) | 1215 (61.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Beta-blockers | 15,690 (65.9) | 8164 (69.5) | 694 (67.3) | 5537 (61.1) | 1996 (60.1) | 3541 (61.7) | 1295 (65.8) | 0.143 | <0.001 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 6594 (27.7) | 4324 (36.8) | 185 (17.9) | 1584 (17.5) | 612 (18.4) | 972 (16.9) | 501 (25.5) | 0.126 | 0.020 |
Digoxin | 4542 (19.1) | 2481 (21.1) | 172 (16.7) | 1500 (16.6) | 571 (17.2) | 929 (16.2) | 389 (19.8) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
ARNI | 2857 (12.0) | 1468 (12.5) | 112 (10.9) | 1037 (11.4) | 405 (12.2) | 632 (11.0) | 240 (12.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Ivabradine | 1440 (6.1) | 848 (7.2) | 40 (3.9) | 424 (4.7) | 161 (4.9) | 263 (4.6) | 128 (6.59) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Hydralazine and nitrate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Other cardiovascular drugs at baseline | |||||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs | 12,700 (53.4) | 6703 (57.1) | 606 (58.8) | 4395 (48.5) | 1611 (48.5) | 2784 (48.5) | 996 (50.6) | 0.287 | <0.001 |
Any antiplatelet drugs ASA P2Y12 inhibitors DAPT (ASA + P2Y12) | 8710 (36.6) 5830 (24.5) 2417 (10.2) 953 (4.0) | 4862 (41.4) 3349 (28.5) 1364 (11.6) 502 (4.3) | 356 (34.5) 232 (22.5) 92 (8.9) 49 (4.8) | 2819 (31.1) 1791 (19.8) 771 (8.5) 335 (3,7) | 1017 (30.6) 643 (19.4) 281 (8.5) 118 (3.6) | 1802 (31.4) 1148 (20.0) 490 (8.5) 217 (3.8) | 673 (34.2) 458 (23.3) 190 (9.7) 67 (3.4) | <0.001 <0.001 0.009 0.468 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.036 |
Anticoagulants | 6640 (27.9) | 2580 (22.0) | 269 (26.1) | 3239 (35,7) | 1167 (35.1) | 2072 (36.1) | 552 (28.1) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers | 4815 (20.2) | 833 (7.1) | 157 (15.2) | 3406 (37.6) | 1197 (36.0) | 2209 (38.5) | 419 (21.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Nitrates | 2710 (11.4) | 1409 (12.0) | 133 (12.9) | 935 (10.3) | 362 (10.9) | 573 (10.0) | 233 (11.9) | 0.393 | <0.001 |
Nicorandil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Antidiabetic drugs at baseline | |||||||||
Metformin | 6936 (29.1) | 3751 (31.9) | 297 (28.8) | 2323 (25.6) | 824 (24.8) | 1499 (26.1) | 565 (28.7) | 0.039 | <0.001 |
Sulfonylurea | 2874 (12.1) | 1403 (11.9) | 146 (14.2) | 1094 (12.1) | 417 (12.6) | 677 (11.8) | 231 (11.7) | 0.037 | 0.778 |
DPP-4i | 2785 (11.7) | 1622 (13.8) | 80 (7.8) | 814 (9.0) | 292 (8.8) | 522 (9.1) | 269 (13.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Insulin | 1764 (7.4) | 930 (7.9) | 66 (6.4) | 626 (6.9) | 223 (6.7) | 403 (7.0) | 142 (7.2) | 0.082 | 0.006 |
SGLT2i | 1218 (5.1) | 792 (6.7) | 26 (2.5) | 291 (3.2) | 94 (2.8) | 197 (3.4) | 109 (5.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Other glucose-lowering drugs | 948 (4.0) | 552 (4.7) | 37 (3.6) | 270 (3.0) | 117 (3.5) | 153 (2.7) | 89 (4.5) | 0.103 | <0.001 |
GLP1-RA | 239 (1.0) | 112 (1.0) | 15 (1.5) | 94 (1.0) | 33 (1.0) | 61 (1.1) | 18 (0.9) | 0.120 | 0.545 |
Other drugs at baseline | |||||||||
PPIs | 15,533 (65.3) | 8724 (74.3) | 540 (52.4) | 5052 (55.8) | 1864 (56.1) | 3188 (55.5) | 1217 (61.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
NSAIDs | 11,246 (47.2) | 6217 (52.9) | 344 (33.4) | 3769 (41.6) | 1386 (41.7) | 2383 (41.5) | 916 (46.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Number of drugs at index date | |||||||||
0 | 11 (0.05) | 3 (0.03) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.02) | 0 | ||
1 | 121 (0.5) | 17 (0.1) | 12 (1.2) | 79 (0.9) | 29 (0.9) | 50 (0.9) | 13 (0.7) | ||
2 | 532 (2.2) | 129 (1.1) | 37 (3.6) | 321 (3.5) | 118 (3.6) | 203 (3.5) | 45 (2.3) | ||
3 | 1693 (7.1) | 511 (4.4) | 105 (10.2) | 947 (10.5) | 361 (10.9) | 586 (10.2) | 130 (6.6) | ||
4 | 3193 (13.4) | 1158 (9.9) | 214 (20.8) | 1548 (17.1) | 586 (17.7) | 962 (16.8) | 273 (13.9) | ||
5 | 4720 (19.8) | 2041 (17.4) | 249 (24.2) | 2012 (22.2) | 736 (22.2) | 1276 (22.2) | 418 (21.3) | ||
≥6 | 13,536 (56.9) | 7887 (67.1) | 413 (40.1) | 4148 (45.8) | 1485 (44.7) | 2663 (46.4) | 1088 (55.3) |
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Escobar, C.; Palacios, B.; Varela, L.; Gutiérrez, M.; Duong, M.; Chen, H.; Justo, N.; Cid-Ruzafa, J.; Hernández, I.; Hunt, P.R.; et al. Prevalence, Characteristics, Management and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Spain. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 5199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175199
Escobar C, Palacios B, Varela L, Gutiérrez M, Duong M, Chen H, Justo N, Cid-Ruzafa J, Hernández I, Hunt PR, et al. Prevalence, Characteristics, Management and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Spain. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(17):5199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175199
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscobar, Carlos, Beatriz Palacios, Luis Varela, Martín Gutiérrez, Mai Duong, Hungta Chen, Nahila Justo, Javier Cid-Ruzafa, Ignacio Hernández, Phillip R. Hunt, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence, Characteristics, Management and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Spain" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 17: 5199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175199
APA StyleEscobar, C., Palacios, B., Varela, L., Gutiérrez, M., Duong, M., Chen, H., Justo, N., Cid-Ruzafa, J., Hernández, I., Hunt, P. R., & Delgado, J. F. (2022). Prevalence, Characteristics, Management and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved, Mildly Reduced, and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Spain. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 5199. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175199