Psychological Consequences of Experiencing Violence in Childhood—The Role of Dissociation in the Formation of Early Maladaptive Schemas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- perceiving others as incapable of showing support and emotional closeness; believing that close ones cannot be depended upon, as they are unpredictable and emotionally unstable; fearing abandonment or being deprived of care and support;
- expecting deliberate harm and exploitation;
- being convinced of one’s own defectiveness, which causes a feeling of inferiority, of being bad and unwanted; fearing losing love when the defect is found out; feeling shame due to seeing one’s traits as flaws;
- believing in one’s alienation, otherness, and lack of belonging [2].
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Abuse Experience Period; Mean Rank | Mann–Whitney U | Z | p | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childhood (N = 141) | Childhood and Adulthood (N = 201) | |||||
childhood violence- overall intensity | 169.04 | 173.23 | 13,823.50 | −0.39 | 0.70 | - |
emotional violence | 183.48 | 163.09 | 12,481.00 | −1.88 | 0.06 | - |
physical violence | 169.67 | 172.79 | 13,912.00 | −0.29 | 0.77 | - |
sexual violence | 165.89 | 175.44 | 13,379.00 | −0.93 | 0.35 | - |
emotional neglect | 165.96 | 175.39 | 13,389.50 | −0.87 | 0.38 | - |
physical neglect | 157.96 | 181.00 | 12,261.50 | −2.13 | 0.03 | 0.23 |
Variable | ||
---|---|---|
Age | M | Range |
metrical | 35.8 | 18–65 |
when violence occurred in childhood | 7.1 | 4–12 |
when violence occurred in adulthood | 24.64 | 18–45 |
Education | % | N |
higher | 20.2 | 69 |
high-school | 29.8 | 102 |
vocational | 19.6 | 67 |
elementary | 20.8 | 71 |
no data | 9.6 | 33 |
Relationship status | % | N |
never married | 23.2 | 89 |
married | 20.3 | 78 |
cohabitation | 21.9 | 84 |
separated | 6.5 | 25 |
divorced | 13.8 | 53 |
widow | 1.8 | 7 |
other | 0.6 | 2 |
no data | 12 | 46 |
Employment status | M | N |
paid work | 39.2 | 134 |
homemaker | 11.4 | 39 |
student | 6.7 | 23 |
retired | 1.2 | 4 |
pension | 4.1 | 14 |
unemployment | 25.1 | 86 |
other | 5.9 | 20 |
no data | 6.4 | 22 |
Variable | B | Std. Error | β | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
schemas—overall intensity (YSQ) | ||||
Violence—overall intensity (CTQ) | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.19 | <0.01 ** |
dissociative disorders—overall intensity (DES) | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.02 * |
age | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
age of childhood violence | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.20 | 0.84 |
Relationship status | ||||
single | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.68 |
married | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
cohabitation | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
separation | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.84 |
divorce | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.63 |
widow | −0.51 | 0.63 | −0.07 | 0.42 |
Employment | ||||
full-time job | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.64 |
housewife | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.30 |
student | −0.08 | 0.44 | −0.01 | 0.85 |
retired | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
pensioner for health reasons | 1.12 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.03 * |
unemployed | 0.18 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.59 |
Education | ||||
Academic degree | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.92 |
high-school | −0.31 | 0.70 | −0.15 | 0.66 |
vocational | −0.14 | 0.69 | −0.06 | 0.84 |
elementary | −0.18 | 0.70 | −0.08 | 0.80 |
R2 = 0.14. F = 19.69 * |
Variable | Dissociative Disorders—Overall Intensity (DES) | Depersonalization/Derealization | Absorption | Distraction | Memory Impairment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
violence—overall intensity (CTQ) | 0.17 ** | 0.15 * | 0.17 ** | 0.14 * | 0.17 ** |
schemas—overall intensity (YSQ) | 0.22 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.17 ** |
Variable | Violence—Overall Intensity (CTQ) |
---|---|
Early maladaptive schemas—domains (YSQ) | |
disconnection and rejection domain | 0.30 ** |
impaired autonomy domain | 0.07 |
impaired limits domain | −0.01 |
other-directedness domain | 0.15 ** |
overvigilance and inhibition domain | 0.15 ** |
Dissociative disorders symptoms (DES) | |
depersonalization/ derealization | 0.15 * |
absorption | 0.17 ** |
distraction | 0.14 * |
memory impairment | 0.17 ** |
Paths | Model Summary | Sobel Test | 95% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | c′ | R2 | F | p | Z | p | Lower | Upper | |
Schema domains | |||||||||||
overall intensity | 0.17 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.04 | 13.34 | <0.01 | 2.64 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
disconnection and rejection domain | 0.17 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.11 | 36.44 | <0.01 | 2.69 | <0.01 | 0.20 | 0.40 |
impaired autonomy domain | 0.17 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 5.98 | <0.01 | 2.19 | <0.05 | −0.05 | 0.16 |
impaired limits domain | 0.17 ** | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.36 | >0.05 | 0.96 | >0.05 | −0.07 | 0.13 |
other-directedness domain | 0.17 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.12 * | 0.03 | 8.44 | <0.01 | 2.18 | <0.05 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
overvigilance and inhibition domain | 0.17 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.11 * | 0.02 | 7.56 | <0.01 | 2.19 | <0.05 | 0.04 | 0.25 |
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Sieński, M.M.; Ziarko, M. Psychological Consequences of Experiencing Violence in Childhood—The Role of Dissociation in the Formation of Early Maladaptive Schemas. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11174996
Sieński MM, Ziarko M. Psychological Consequences of Experiencing Violence in Childhood—The Role of Dissociation in the Formation of Early Maladaptive Schemas. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(17):4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11174996
Chicago/Turabian StyleSieński, Michał M., and Michał Ziarko. 2022. "Psychological Consequences of Experiencing Violence in Childhood—The Role of Dissociation in the Formation of Early Maladaptive Schemas" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 17: 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11174996
APA StyleSieński, M. M., & Ziarko, M. (2022). Psychological Consequences of Experiencing Violence in Childhood—The Role of Dissociation in the Formation of Early Maladaptive Schemas. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 4996. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11174996