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Review

Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Pulmonary Infarction: Update and Practical Review of Literature Data

by
Giulia Gagno
1,†,
Laura Padoan
2,†,
Stefano D’Errico
3,
Elisa Baratella
4,
Davide Radaelli
3,
Alessandra Lucia Fluca
1,
Alessandro Pierri
1,
Milijana Janjusevic
1,
Elena Aleksova Noveska
5,
Maria Assunta Cova
4,
Roberto Copetti
6,
Franco Cominotto
6,
Gianfranco Sinagra
1 and
Aneta Aleksova
1,*
1
Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI) and Department of Medical Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
2
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Maria della Misericordia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
3
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
4
Department of Radiology, University of Trieste, ASUGI, Cattinara Hospital, 34149 Trieste, Italy
5
Department of Pediatric and Preventive dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
6
Emergency Department, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(16), 4916; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164916
Submission received: 18 May 2022 / Revised: 8 July 2022 / Accepted: 19 August 2022 / Published: 21 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Emergency Medicine)
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Abstract

Pulmonary infarction (PI) is a possible consequence of pulmonary embolism (PE). The real incidence of PI could be underestimated considering only non-fatal PE presentation. However, following postmortem examination, the prevalence of PI is considerably higher. This evidence suggests the necessity of proper diagnostic protocol for identifying PI. Unfortunately, PI diagnosis can sometimes be challenging, due to the overlapping of symptoms with other diseases. Nowadays, the diagnosis is mainly based on radiological evaluation, although the combination with emerging imaging techniques such as ultrasound and nuclear scanning might improve the diagnostic algorithm for PI. This review aims to summarize the available data on the prevalence of PI, the main predisposing factors for the development of PI among patients with PE, to resume the possible diagnostic tools, and finally the clinical and prognostic implications.
Keywords: pulmonary infarction; pulmonary embolism; pulmonary ultrasound; diagnostic algorithm pulmonary infarction; pulmonary embolism; pulmonary ultrasound; diagnostic algorithm
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MDPI and ACS Style

Gagno, G.; Padoan, L.; D’Errico, S.; Baratella, E.; Radaelli, D.; Fluca, A.L.; Pierri, A.; Janjusevic, M.; Aleksova Noveska, E.; Cova, M.A.; et al. Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Pulmonary Infarction: Update and Practical Review of Literature Data. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164916

AMA Style

Gagno G, Padoan L, D’Errico S, Baratella E, Radaelli D, Fluca AL, Pierri A, Janjusevic M, Aleksova Noveska E, Cova MA, et al. Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Pulmonary Infarction: Update and Practical Review of Literature Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(16):4916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164916

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gagno, Giulia, Laura Padoan, Stefano D’Errico, Elisa Baratella, Davide Radaelli, Alessandra Lucia Fluca, Alessandro Pierri, Milijana Janjusevic, Elena Aleksova Noveska, Maria Assunta Cova, and et al. 2022. "Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Pulmonary Infarction: Update and Practical Review of Literature Data" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 16: 4916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164916

APA Style

Gagno, G., Padoan, L., D’Errico, S., Baratella, E., Radaelli, D., Fluca, A. L., Pierri, A., Janjusevic, M., Aleksova Noveska, E., Cova, M. A., Copetti, R., Cominotto, F., Sinagra, G., & Aleksova, A. (2022). Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Pulmonary Infarction: Update and Practical Review of Literature Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(16), 4916. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164916

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