Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review
Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Letizia Perillo, Vincenzo Grassia and Fabrizia d’Apuzzo
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(8), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081733
Received: 9 March 2021
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Revised: 7 April 2021
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Accepted: 13 April 2021
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Published: 16 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches and Technologies in Orthodontics)
Alveolar bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a highly regulated process that coordinates bone resorption by osteoclasts and new bone formation by osteoblasts. Mechanisms involved in OTM include mechano-sensing, sterile inflammation-mediated osteoclastogenesis on the compression side and tensile force-induced osteogenesis on the tension side. Several intracellular signaling pathways and mechanosensors including the cilia and ion channels transduce mechanical force into biochemical signals that stimulate formation of osteoclasts or osteoblasts. To date, many studies were performed in vitro or using human gingival crevicular fluid samples. Thus, the use of transgenic animals is very helpful in examining a cause and effect relationship. Key cell types that participate in mediating the response to OTM include periodontal ligament fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Intercellular signals that stimulate cellular processes needed for orthodontic tooth movement include receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1), sclerostin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In this review, we critically summarize the current OTM studies using transgenic animal models in order to provide mechanistic insight into the cellular events and the molecular regulation of OTM.
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Keywords:
orthodontic tooth movement; animal studies; mechanosensing; osteoclastogenesis; osteogenesis
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MDPI and ACS Style
Jeon, H.H.; Teixeira, H.; Tsai, A. Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081733
AMA Style
Jeon HH, Teixeira H, Tsai A. Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(8):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081733
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Hyeran H., Hellen Teixeira, and Andrew Tsai. 2021. "Mechanistic Insight into Orthodontic Tooth Movement Based on Animal Studies: A Critical Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8: 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081733
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