Active Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Survey
2.2. Active Travel
2.3. Mild Cognitive Impairment
2.4. Control Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Interpretation of the Findings
4.3. Public Health and Policy Implications
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Overall | 50–64 Years | ≥65 Years | |
(n = 32,715) | (n = 19,092) | (n = 13,623) | ||
Mild cognitive impairment | No | 85.2 | 86.7 | 82.6 |
Yes | 14.8 | 13.3 | 17.4 | |
Active travel | High | 31.5 | 35.2 | 25.4 |
Moderate | 35.1 | 36.3 | 33.0 | |
Low | 33.4 | 28.5 | 41.6 | |
Age (years) | 62.4 (0.2) | 56.3 (0.1) | 72.6 (0.1) | |
Sex | Male | 47.9 | 49.7 | 45.0 |
Female | 52.1 | 50.3 | 55.0 | |
Wealth | Poorest | 17.1 | 14.4 | 21.7 |
Poorer | 19.0 | 17.7 | 21.0 | |
Middle | 19.5 | 19.0 | 20.4 | |
Richer | 21.3 | 23.6 | 17.5 | |
Richest | 23.1 | 25.3 | 19.4 | |
Education (years) | 6.0 (0.2) | 6.5 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.2) | |
Setting | Rural | 53.8 | 56.6 | 49.4 |
Urban | 46.2 | 43.4 | 50.6 | |
Alcohol consumption | No | 81.3 | 78.4 | 86.1 |
Yes | 18.7 | 21.6 | 13.9 | |
Smoking | Never | 58.6 | 56.3 | 62.2 |
Current | 34.9 | 38.3 | 29.3 | |
Past | 6.6 | 5.4 | 8.5 | |
Sleep problems | No | 91.3 | 93.4 | 87.8 |
Yes | 8.7 | 6.6 | 12.2 | |
Anxiety | No | 91.9 | 92.9 | 90.3 |
Yes | 8.1 | 7.1 | 9.7 | |
Depression | No | 94.0 | 94.2 | 93.5 |
Yes | 6.0 | 5.8 | 6.5 | |
Diabetes | No | 93.2 | 94.2 | 91.4 |
Yes | 6.8 | 5.8 | 8.6 | |
Hypertension | No | 45.0 | 50.0 | 36.6 |
Yes | 55.0 | 50.0 | 63.4 | |
Stroke | No | 97.0 | 97.9 | 95.4 |
Yes | 3.0 | 2.1 | 4.6 | |
Obesity | No | 88.5 | 87.9 | 89.6 |
Yes | 11.5 | 12.1 | 10.4 | |
Work physical activity | ≤150 min/week | 40.2 | 33.0 | 52.7 |
>150 min/week | 59.8 | 67.0 | 47.3 | |
Leisure physical activity | ≤150 min/week | 89.8 | 89.2 | 90.7 |
>150 min/week | 10.2 | 10.8 | 9.3 |
Overall | Age 50–64 Years | Age ≥65 Years | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
Active travel | High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Moderate | 0.97 | (0.84,1.13) | 0.95 | (0.79,1.14) | 1.04 | (0.82,1.31) | |
Low | 1.33 * | (1.14,1.54) | 1.07 | (0.89,1.30) | 1.70 * | (1.32,2.19) |
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Smith, L.; Veronese, N.; López-Sánchez, G.F.; Yang, L.; Pizzol, D.; Butler, L.T.; Barnett, Y.; Felez-Nobrega, M.; Jacob, L.; Shin, J.I.; et al. Active Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061243
Smith L, Veronese N, López-Sánchez GF, Yang L, Pizzol D, Butler LT, Barnett Y, Felez-Nobrega M, Jacob L, Shin JI, et al. Active Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(6):1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061243
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Lee, Nicola Veronese, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Lin Yang, Damiano Pizzol, Laurie T. Butler, Yvonne Barnett, Mireia Felez-Nobrega, Louis Jacob, Jae Il Shin, and et al. 2021. "Active Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 6: 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061243
APA StyleSmith, L., Veronese, N., López-Sánchez, G. F., Yang, L., Pizzol, D., Butler, L. T., Barnett, Y., Felez-Nobrega, M., Jacob, L., Shin, J. I., Tully, M. A., Gorely, T., Oh, H., & Koyanagi, A. (2021). Active Travel and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(6), 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061243