Influence of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Perception of Being Vaccinated to Prevent COVID-19: An Approach for Community Pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Temsah, M.-H.; Al-Sohime, F.; Alamro, N.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Al-Hasan, K.; Jamal, A.; Al-Maglouth, I.; Aljamaan, F.; Amri, M.A.; Barry, M.; et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in a MERS-CoV endemic country. J. Infect. Public Health 2020, 13, 877–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bragazzi, N.L.; Mansour, M.; Bonsignore, A.; Ciliberti, R. The role of hospital and community pharmacists in the management of COVID-19: Towards an expanded definition of the roles, responsibilities, and duties of the pharmacist. Pharmacy 2020, 8, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robinson, J.D.; Johnson, N.; Brand-Eubanks, D.C.; Kim, A.P. A call to action: Community pharmacists to address COVID-19 related behavioral health concerns. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2020, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen (accessed on 4 February 2021).
- Batra, K.; Singh, T.P.; Sharma, M.; Batra, R.; Schvaneveldt, N. Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aburas, W.; Alshammari, T.M. Pharmacists’ roles in emergency and disasters: COVID-19 as an example. Saudi Pharm. J. 2020, 28, 1797–1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mallhi, T.H.; Liaqat, A.; Abid, A.; Khan, Y.H.; Alotaibi, N.H.; Alzarea, A.I.; Tanveer, N.; Khan, T.M. Multilevel engagements of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: The way forward. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 561924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedima, E.W.; Adeyemi, M.S.; Ikunaiye, N.Y. Community Pharmacists: On the frontline of health service against COVID-19 in LMICs. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2021, 17, 1964–1966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elbeddini, A.; Wen, C.X.; Tayefehchamani, Y.; To, A. Mental health issues impacting pharmacists during COVID-19. J. Pharm. Policy Pract. 2020, 13, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cabas, P.; Bella, S.D.; Giuffre, M.; Rizzo, M.; Trombetta, C.; Luzzati, R.; Antonello, R.M.; Parenzan, K.; Liguori, G. Community pharmacists’ exposure to COVID-19. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2021, 17, 1882–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blake, H.; Bermingham, F.; Johson, G.; Tabner, A. Mitigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: A digital learning package. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayden, J.C.; Parkin, R. The challenges of COVID-19 for community pharmacists and opportunities for the future. Ir. J. Psychol. Med. 2020, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carico, R., Jr.; Sheppard, J.; Thomas, C.B. Community pharmacists and communication in the time of COVID-19: Applying the health belief model. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2021, 17, 1984–1987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treatments and Vaccines for COVID-19: Authorised Medicines by European Medicines Agency. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatments-vaccines/treatments-vaccines-covid-19-authorised-medicines#covid-19-vaccines-section (accessed on 3 February 2021).
- Report a COVID-19 Vaccine’s Adverse Reaction at National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Romania. Available online: https://www.anm.ro/medicamente-de-uz-uman/farmacovigilenta/raportarea-reactiilor-adverse-suspectate-vaccin-covid-19/ (accessed on 3 February 2021). (In Romanian).
- Bulgarian Drug Agency. Available online: https://www.bda.bg/bg/ (accessed on 3 February 2021). (In Bulgarian).
- Carr, A.C.; Rosengrave, P.C.; Bayer, S.; Chambers, S.; Mehrtens, J.; Shaw, G.M. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral in takes. Crit. Care 2017, 21, 300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carr, A.C.; Maggini, S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mousavi, S.; Bereswill, S.; Heimesaat, M.M. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C. Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. 2019, 9, 73–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogdan, M.; Meca, A.D.; Boldeanu, M.V.; Gheorghe, D.N.; Turcu-Stiolica, A.; Subtirelu, M.S.; Boldeanu, L.; Blaj, M.; Botnariu, G.E.; Vlad, C.E.; et al. Possible involvement of vitamin C in periodontal disease-diabetes mellitus association. Nutrients 2020, 12, 553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Courbebaisse, M.; Cavalier, E. Vitamin D in 2020: An old pro-hormone with potential effects beyond mineral metabolism. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saponaro, F.; Saba, A.; Zucchi, R. An update on vitamin D metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zittermann, A.; Pilz, S.; Hoffmann, H.; Marz, W. Vitamin D and airway infections: A European perspective. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2016, 21, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zmijewski, M.A. Vitamin D and human health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Infusino, F.; Marazzato, M.; Mancone, M.; Fedele, F.; Mastroianni, C.M.; Severino, P.; Ceccarelli, G.; Santinelli, L.; Cavarretta, E.; Marullo, A.G.M.; et al. Diet Supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A scoping review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawalec, P.; Tesar, T.; Vostalova, L.; Draganic, P.; Manova, M.; Savova, A.; Petrova, G.; Rugaja, Z.; Männik, A.; Sowada, C.; et al. Pharmaceutical Regulation in Central and Eastern European Countries: A Current Review. Front. Pharmacol. 2017, 8, 892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sintonen, H. The 15D instrument of health-related quality of life: Properties and applications. Ann. Med. 2001, 33, 328–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subtirelu, M.S.; Turcu-Stiolica, A.; Sintonen, H. Translation and cultural adaptation of 15D quality of life questionnaire from English to Romanian language. Value Health 2019, 22, S731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cochran, W.G. Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Buchner, A. G∗Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Austin, Z.; Gregory, P. Resilience in the time of pandemic: The experience of community pharmacists during COVID-19. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2021, 17, 1867–1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merks, P.; Jakubowska, M.; Drelich, E.; Swieczkowski, D.; Bogusz, J.; Bilmin, K.; Sola, K.F.; May, A.; Majchrowska, A.; Koziol, M.; et al. The legal extension of the role of pharmacists in light of the COVID-19 global pandemic. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 2021, 17, 1807–1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goff, D.A.; Ashiru-Oredope, D.; Cairns, K.A.; Eljaaly, K.; Gauthier, T.P.; Langford, B.J.; Mahmoud, S.F.; Messina, A.P.; Michael, U.C.; Saad, T.; et al. Global contributions of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Am. Coll. Clin. Pharm. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moccia, L.; Janiri, D.; Pepe, M.; Dattoli, L.; Molinaro, M.; De Martin, V.; Chieffo, D.; Janiri, L.; Fiorillo, A.; Sani, G.; et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: An early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnston, K.; O’Reilly, C.L.; Cooper, G.; Mitchell, I. The burden of COVID-19 on pharmacists. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, M.; Joo, S.; Couette, P.A.; de Jaegher, S.; Joly, F.; Humbert, X. Impact on mental health of the COVID-19 outbreak among community pharmacists during the sanitary lockdown period. Ann. Pharm. Fr. 2020, 78, 459–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ardebili, M.E.; Naserbakht, M.; Bernstein, C.; Alazmani-Noodeh, F.; Hakimi, H.; Ranjbar, H. Healthcare providers experience of working during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Am. J. Infect. Control 2020, 000, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ungureanu, B.S.; Vladut, C.; Bende, F.; Sandru, V.; Tocia, V.; Turcu-Stiolica, R.-V.; Groza, A.; Balan, G.G.; Turcu-Stiolica, A. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health-Related Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Training Among Young Gastroenterologists in Romania. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 579177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dror, A.A.; Eisenbach, N.; Taiber, S.; Morozov, N.G.; Mizrachi, M.; Zigron, A.; Srouji, S.; Sela, E. Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2020, 35, 775–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, L.; Peterson, G.M.; Naunton, M.; Jackson, S.; Bushell, M. Protecting the herd: Why pharmacists matter in mass vaccination. Pharmacy 2020, 8, 199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poudel, A.; Lau, E.T.L.; Deldot, M.; Campbell, C.; Waite, N.M.; Nissen, L. M, Pharmacist role in vaccination: Evidence and challenges. Vaccine 2019, 37, 5939–5945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Available online: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519 (accessed on 4 February 2021).
- Ilie, P.C.; Stefanescu, S.; Smith, L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2020, 32, 7–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, S.; Kaur, R.; Singh, R.K. Revisiting the role of vitamin D levels in the prevention of COVID-19 infection and mortality in European countries post infections peak. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2020, 32, 1609–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jain, A.; Chaurasia, R.; Sengar, N.S.; Singh, M.; Mahor, S.; Narain, S. Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 20191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mercola, J.; Grant, W.B.; Wagner, C.L. Evidence regarding vitamin D and risk of COVID-19 and its severity. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, R.; Rathi, H.; Haq, A.; Wimalawansa, S.J.; Sharma, A. Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and immunopathology associated with COVID-19. Virus Res. 2021, 292, 198235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benskin, L.L. A basic review of the preliminary evidence that COVID-19 risk and severity is increased in vitamin D deficiency. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marik, P. EVMS COVID-19 Manage Protocol. An Overview of the MATH+ and I-MASK+ Protocols. Available online: https://www.evms.edu/media/evms_public/departments/internal_medicine/EVMS_Critical_Care_COVID-19_Protocol.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2021).
- Clinical Trials. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19&term=vitamin+c&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= (accessed on 13 January 2021).
- Clinical Trials. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID&term=vitamin+d&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= (accessed on 13 January 2021).
- National Guide for Adaptation of Pharmaceutical Practice during Pandemic COVID-19. Available online: https://www.colegfarm.ro/userfiles/file/GHID%20orientativ%20de%20adaptare%20%20a%20practicii%20%20farmaceutice%20%20în%20cursul%20%20pandemiei%20%20COVID-19.pdf (accessed on 12 January 2021). (In Romanian).
- Padureanu, V.; Bogdan, M.; Subtirelu, M.S.; Padureanu, R.; Turcu-Stiolica, A.; Petrescu, F.; Dumitrescu, F.; Mititelu-Tartau, L. Perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare professionals in Romania. Med. Surg. J. 2020, 124, 454–460. [Google Scholar]
- Terms and Conditions for Dispensing of Medicines, Medical Devices and Dietary Foods for Special Medical Purposes, Paid fully or Partially by the NHIF, Service, Extension of Validity of the Protocol Expensive Treatment for Chronically Ill Patients, in Connection with Emergency Declared by Decision of the National Essembly of 13.03.2020. Available online: https://www.nhif.bg/news_page?id=420414&page_id=422584 (accessed on 15 January 2021). (In Bulgarian).
Romania (n = 241) | Bulgaria (n = 154) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Men | 18 (7%) | 33 (21%) | <0.0001 * |
Women | 223 (93%) | 121 (79%) | |
Age ^, years | 30 (26–37) | 26 (25–32) | <0.0001 * |
Marital status | |||
Married | 117 (49%) | 49 (32%) | 0.0010 * |
Not married | 113 (47%) | 100 (65%) | |
Divorced | 9 (4%) | 4 (3%) | |
Widower | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | |
Professional experience ^, years | 7.36 ± 8.3 | 6.2 ± 7.8 | 0.0124 * |
Income working as pharmacist | |||
Low (less than 600 Euro) | 95 (39%) | 29 (19%) | <0.0001 * |
High (more than 1000 Euro) | 18 (7%) | 33 (21%) | |
Specialist pharmacists | <0.0001 * | ||
Yes | 108 (45%) | 24 (16%) | |
No | 133 (55%) | 130 (84%) |
Mean ± SD | Romania (n = 241) | Bulgaria (n = 154) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Mobility | 1 | 1 | >0.999 |
Vision | 1 | 1 | >0.999 |
Hearing | 1 | 1 | >0.999 |
Breathing | 0.903 ± 0.143 | 0.928 ± 0.132 | 0.0702 |
Sleeping | 0.896 ± 0.161 | 0.848 ± 0.207 | 0.0494 * |
Eating | 1 | 1 | >0.999 |
Speech | 0.982 ± 0.084 | 0.975 ± 0.083 | 0.1778 |
Excretion | 0.976 ± 0.094 | 0.961 ± 0.104 | 0.0786 |
Usual activities | 0.975 ± 0.113 | 0.961 ± 0.114 | 0.041 * |
Mental function | 0.979 ± 0.087 | 0.943 ± 0.136 | 0.0007 * |
Discomfort and symptoms | 0.921 ± 0.141 | 0.979 ± 0.094 | <0.0001 * |
Depression | 0.933 ± 0.130 | 0.853 ± 0.197 | <0.0001 * |
Distress | 0.844 ± 0.187 | 0.765 ± 0.217 | 0.0002 * |
Vitality | 0.881 ± 0.139 | 0.844 ± 0.185 | 0.1305 |
Sexual activities | 0.925 ± 0.155 | 0.930 ± 0.141 | 0.14 |
Total 15D score | 0.956 ± 0.051 | 0.936 ± 0.063 | 0.0024 * |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Turcu-Stiolica, A.; Bogdan, M.; Subtirelu, M.-S.; Meca, A.-D.; Taerel, A.-E.; Iaru, I.; Kamusheva, M.; Petrova, G. Influence of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Perception of Being Vaccinated to Prevent COVID-19: An Approach for Community Pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040864
Turcu-Stiolica A, Bogdan M, Subtirelu M-S, Meca A-D, Taerel A-E, Iaru I, Kamusheva M, Petrova G. Influence of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Perception of Being Vaccinated to Prevent COVID-19: An Approach for Community Pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(4):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040864
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurcu-Stiolica, Adina, Maria Bogdan, Mihaela-Simona Subtirelu, Andreea-Daniela Meca, Adriana-Elena Taerel, Irina Iaru, Maria Kamusheva, and Guenka Petrova. 2021. "Influence of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Perception of Being Vaccinated to Prevent COVID-19: An Approach for Community Pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4: 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040864