Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Egg Consumption
2.3. Assessment of Body Composition and Serum Cholesterol Level
2.4. Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population by Sex
3.2. Association between Serum Cholesterol Level, Prevalence of Dyslipidemia, and Egg Consumption
3.3. Association between Body Composition, Waist Circumfernce, and Egg Consumption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total | <1/Week | 1/Week | 2–3/Week | 4–6/Week | ≥1/Day | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 44.15 ± 0.33 | 50.99 ± 0.60 | 44.98 ± 0.59 | 42.34 ± 0.40 | 39.59 ± 0.66 | 39.15 ± 0.86 | <0.001 | |
FM, kg | 15.52 ± 0.12 | 14.85 ± 0.22 | 15.45 ± 0.22 | 15.56 ± 0.18 | 16.19 ± 0.25 | 15.4 ± 0.39 | 0.001 | |
PBF, % | 21.92 ± 0.13 | 21.60 ± 0.21 | 21.92 ± 0.23 | 21.89 ± 0.18 | 22.24 ± 0.24 | 21.95 ± 0.38 | 0.157 | |
PBF ≥ 25% | 249 (4.61) | 40 (3.03) | 59 (5.06) | 83 (4.32) | 36 (6.03) | 31 (7.73) | <0.001 | |
FFM, kg | 51.21 ± 0.13 | 50.01 ± 0.26 | 51.02 ± 0.26 | 51.36 ± 0.19 | 52.68 ± 0.33 | 51.95 ± 0.38 | <0.001 | |
FtoM | 0.30 ± 0.002 | 0.30 ± 0.003 | 0.30 ± 0.004 | 0.30 ± 0.003 | 0.31 ± 0.004 | 0.30 ± 0.006 | 0.125 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.03 ± 0.058 | 23.83 ± 0.13 | 23.99 ± 0.12 | 23.99 ± 0.090 | 24.41 ± 0.14 | 24.09 ± 0.21 | 0.034 | |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1910 (35.32) | 427 (32.30) | 406 (34.85) | 691 (35.95) | 231 (38.69) | 155 (38.65) | 0.031 | |
WC, cm | 83.98 ± 0.17 | 84.29 ± 0.35 | 83.95 ± 0.36 | 83.63 ± 0.27 | 84.57 ± 0.41 | 83.67 ± 0.55 | 0.594 | |
WC ≥ 90 cm | 1424 (26.34) | 359 (27.16) | 313 (26.87) | 486 (25.29) | 165 (27.64) | 101 (25.91) | 0.642 | |
TC, mg/dL | 186.67 ± 0.61 | 185.57 ± 1.15 | 187.34 ± 1.21 | 186.98 ± 0.97 | 187.75 ± 1.69 | 183.10 ± 2.60 | 0.800 | |
TC ≥ 200 mg/dL | 1806 (33.93) | 421 (32.74) | 380 (33.13) | 658 (34.60) | 211 (35.70) | 136 (34.34) | 0.667 | |
TG, mg/dL b | 124.58 ± 1.01 | 129.47 ± 1.02 | 123.94 ± 1.02 | 125.47 ± 1.02 | 119.27 ± 1.03 | 115.06 ± 1.04 | 0.007 | |
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 1957 (36.72) | 493 (38.25) | 426 (37.04) | 688 (36.15) | 207 (34.97) | 143 (36.11) | 0.653 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 46.18 ± 0.20 | 46.15 ± 0.42 | 45.81 ± 0.38 | 46.15 ± 0.31 | 46.72 ± 0.57 | 46.72 ± 0.55 | 0.224 | |
HDL-C < 40 mg/dL | 1786 (33.56) | 466 (36.24) | 388 (33.83) | 613 (32.23) | 197 (33.33) | 122 (30.81) | 0.134 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 112.86 ± 0.96 | 112.32 ± 2.11 | 113.22 ± 2.24 | 112.64 ± 1.54 | 117.27 ± 2.73 | 103.98 ± 3.55 | 0.610 | |
LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL | 429 (27.59) | 95 (27.94) | 85 (26.40) | 168 (28.52) | 61 (31.28) | 20 (18.35) | 0.165 | |
Dyslipidemia | 446 (8.25) | 131 (9.91) | 94 (8.07) | 143 (7.44) | 46 (7.71) | 32 (7.98) | 0.147 | |
Hypertension | 1210 (22.38) | 399 (30.18) | 252 (21.63) | 382 (19.88) | 98 (16.42) | 79 (19.70) | <0.001 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 463 (8.56) | 167 (12.63) | 102 (8.76) | 136 (7.08) | 29 (4.86) | 29 (7.23) | <0.001 | |
Stroke | 128 (2.37) | 41 (3.10) | 26 (2.23) | 42 (2.19) | 8 (1.34) | 11 (2.74) | 0.170 | |
Myocardial infarction | 55 (1.02) | 20 (1.51) | 15 (1.29) | 10 (0.52) | 4 (0.67) | 6 (1.50) | 0.034 | |
Angina pectoris | 99 (1.83) | 41 (3.10) | 19 (1.63) | 24 (1.25) | 10 (1.68) | 5 (1.25) | 0.002 | |
Predicted 10-year risk of a first hard ASCVD event | 0.065 ± 0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.004 | 0.067 ± 0.002 | 0.054 ± 0.002 | 0.042 ± 0.002 | 0.046 ± 0.004 | <0.001 | |
Nutritional intake | ||||||||
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2327.45 ± 14.96 | 2142.46 ± 28.74 | 2301.03 ± 29.13 | 2385.47 ± 22.82 | 2462.37 ± 41.97 | 2439.92 ± 57.54 | <0.001 | |
Protein intake, g/day | 84.71 ± 0.77 | 74.39 ± 1.30 | 84.12 ± 1.74 | 87.42 ± 1.04 | 90.96 ± 2.05 | 91.86 ± 2.75 | <0.001 | |
Water intake/body weight, g/kg/day | 16.38 ± 0.17 | 14.83 ± 0.32 | 16.21 ± 0.36 | 16.81 ± 0.26 | 17.68 ± 0.49 | 17.04 ± 0.60 | <0.001 | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||||||
None | 1221 (22.58) | 299 (22.62) | 263 (22.58) | 414 (21.54) | 155 (25.96) | 90 (22.44) | ||
Past | 1987 (36.75) | 525 (39.71) | 465 (39.91) | 676 (35.17) | 187 (31.32) | 134 (33.42) | ||
Current | 2199 (40.67) | 498 (37.67) | 437 (37.51) | 832 (43.29) | 255 (42.71) | 177 (44.14) | ||
Alcohol drinking | <0.001 | |||||||
<1 time/month | 1384 (25.60) | 416 (31.47) | 295 (25.32) | 409 (21.28) | 155 (25.96) | 109 (27.18) | ||
≥1 time/month | 4023 (74.40) | 906 (68.53) | 870 (74.68) | 1513 (78.72) | 442 (74.04) | 292 (72.82) | ||
Physical activity | 0.035 | |||||||
Low | 1503 (27.80) | 400 (30.26) | 320 (27.47) | 528 (27.47) | 167 (27.97) | 88 (21.95) | ||
Moderate | 2100 (38.84) | 472 (35.70) | 472 (40.52) | 767 (39.91) | 228 (38.19) | 161 (40.15) | ||
High | 1804 (33.36) | 450 (34.04) | 373 (32.02) | 627 (32.62) | 202 (33.84) | 152 (37.91) | ||
Education | <0.001 | |||||||
0–6 years | 864 (15.98) | 416 (31.47) | 184 (15.79) | 185 (9.63) | 48 (8.04) | 31 (7.73) | ||
7–12 years | 2266 (41.91) | 571 (43.19) | 505 (43.35) | 839 (43.65) | 214 (35.85) | 137 (34.16) | ||
≥13 years | 2277 (42.11) | 335 (25.34) | 476 (40.86) | 898 (46.72) | 335 (36.11) | 233 (58.10) | ||
Income | <0.001 | |||||||
Q1 | 1277 (23.62) | 377 (28.52) | 263 (22.58) | 417 (21.70) | 135 (22.61) | 85 (21.20) | ||
Q2 | 1398 (25.86) | 361 (27.31) | 292 (25.06) | 499 (25.96) | 160 (26.80) | 86 (21.45) | ||
Q3 | 1365 (25.25) | 317 (23.98) | 299 (25.67) | 488 (25.39) | 145 (24.29) | 116 (28.93) | ||
Q4 | 1367 (25.28) | 267 (20.20) | 311 (26.70) | 518 (26.95) | 157 (26.30) | 114 (28.43) | ||
Survey year | <0.001 | |||||||
2008 | 941 (17.40) | 252 (19.06) | 229 (19.66) | 310 (16.13) | 82 (13.74) | 68 (16.96) | ||
2009 | 2134 (39.47) | 518 (39.18) | 473 (40.60) | 745 (38.76) | 223 (37.35) | 175 (43.64) | ||
2010 | 1657 (30.65) | 393 (29.73) | 348 (29.87) | 614 (31.95) | 187 (31.32) | 115 (28.68) | ||
2011 | 675 (12.48) | 159 (12.03) | 115 (9.87) | 253 (13.16) | 105 (17.59) | 43 (10.72) |
Characteristics | Total | <1/Week | 1/Week | 2–3/Week | 4–6/Week | ≥1/Day | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 44.69 ± 0.28 | 53.60 ± 0.53 | 44.54 ± 0.49 | 41.99 ± 0.36 | 39.33 ± 0.47 | 39.05 ± 0.60 | <0.001 | |
FM, kg | 19.01 ± 0.10 | 19.31 ± 0.18 | 18.98 ± 0.17 | 18.91 ± 0.15 | 19.15 ± 0.25 | 18.49 ± 0.28 | 0.043 | |
PBF, % | 32.85 ± 0.12 | 33.38 ± 0.20 | 32.94 ± 0.18 | 32.61 ± 0.16 | 32.65 ± 0.25 | 32.34 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | |
PBF ≥ 30% | 257 (3.33) | 67 (3.27) | 52 (3.58) | 81 (3.18) | 40 (3.81) | 17 (2.69) | 0.732 | |
FFM, kg | 35.99 ± 0.081 | 35.81 ± 0.14 | 35.89 ± 0.14 | 36.16 ± 0.12 | 36.38 ± 0.18 | 35.74 ± 0.22 | 0.091 | |
FtoM | 0.53 ± 0.002 | 0.54 ± 0.005 | 0.53 ± 0.004 | 0.52 ± 0.003 | 0.53 ± 0.006 | 0.52 ± 0.006 | 0.001 | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.20 ± 0.058 | 23.88 ± 0.11 | 23.16 ± 0.11 | 23.01 ± 0.09 | 22.97 ± 0.15 | 22.57 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 2196 (28.43) | 719 (35.14) | 416 (28.61) | 672 (26.40) | 255 (24.31) | 134 (21.24) | <0.001 | |
WC, cm | 77.68 ± 0.18 | 80.31 ± 0.31 | 77.60 ± 0.32 | 77.03 ± 0.27 | 76.51 ± 0.39 | 75.18 ± 0.47 | <0.001 | |
WC ≥ 85 cm | 1947 (25.20) | 698 (34.12) | 355 (24.42) | 595 (23.38) | 204 (19.45) | 95 (15.06) | <0.001 | |
TC, mg/dL | 185.80 ± 0.53 | 190.72 ± 0.92 | 185.12 ± 1.08 | 184.51 ± 0.85 | 184.08 ± 1.21 | 181.06 ± 1.77 | <0.001 | |
TC ≥ 200 mg/dL | 2626 (34.90) | 830 (42.22) | 487 (34.22) | 794 (31.90) | 324 (31.40) | 191 (31.06) | <0.001 | |
TG, mg/dL b | 91.31 ± 1.01 | 103.23 ± 1.02 | 90.66 ± 1.02 | 88.74 ± 1.01 | 85.11 ± 1.02 | 82.67 ± 1.03 | <0.001 | |
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 1550 (20.56) | 568 (28.79) | 294 (20.63) | 453 (18.18) | 153 (14.81) | 82 (13.33) | <0.001 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.30 ± 0.18 | 49.29 ± 0.32 | 50.72 ± 0.37 | 51.91 ± 0.28 | 53.23 ± 0.45 | 52.36 ± 0.54 | <0.001 | |
HDL-C < 50 mg/dL | 3885 (51.63) | 1181 (60.07) | 741 (52.07) | 1214 (48.77) | 462 (44.77) | 287 (46.67) | <0.001 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 109.96 ± 0.90 | 111.46 ± 1.86 | 110.52 ± 1.95 | 109.87 ± 1.40 | 110.90 ± 2.50 | 99.91 ± 3.34 | 0.029 | |
LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL | 453 (26.22) | 122 (30.35) | 90 (26.87) | 135 (22.61) | 76 (29.34) | 30 (22.22) | 0.040 | |
Dyslipidemia | 749 (9.70) | 288 (14.08) | 158 (10.87) | 204 (8.02) | 62 (5.91) | 37 (5.86) | <0.001 | |
Hypertension | 1472 (19.06) | 695 (33.97) | 277 (19.05) | 358 (14.07) | 98 (9.34) | 44 (6.97) | <0.001 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 494 (6.39) | 238 (11.63) | 83 (5.71) | 132 (5.19) | 20 (1.91) | 21 (3.33) | <0.001 | |
Stroke | 112 (1.45) | 62 (3.03) | 21 (1.44) | 22 (0.86) | 5 (0.48) | 2 (0.32) | <0.001 | |
Myocardial infarction | 35 (0.45) | 16 (0.78) | 8 (0.55) | 9 (0.35) | 2 (0.19) | 0 (0.00) | 0.037 | |
Angina pectoris | 101 (1.31) | 42 (2.05) | 25 (1.72) | 18 (0.71) | 9 (0.86) | 7 (1.11) | 0.001 | |
Predicted 10-year risk of a first hard ASCVD event | 0.035 ± 0.001 | 0.070 ± 0.002 | 0.032 ± 0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.001 | 0.017 ± 0.001 | 0.015 ± 0.001 | <0.001 | |
Nutritional intake | ||||||||
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1670.27 ± 9.70 | 1565.52 ± 17.30 | 1641.73 ± 19.09 | 1710.32 ± 16.81 | 1758.32 ± 23.77 | 1741.52 ± 30.06 | <0.001 | |
Protein intake, g/day | 59.55 ± 0.46 | 52.06 ± 0.75 | 59.12 ± 0.87 | 61.63 ± 0.76 | 64.11 ± 1.15 | 66.23 ± 1.56 | <0.001 | |
Water intake/body weight, g/kg/day | 15.06 ± 0.16 | 13.14 ± 0.27 | 14.71 ± 0.31 | 15.80 ± 0.24 | 16.41 ± 0.36 | 16.22 ± 0.42 | <0.001 | |
Smoking | 0.754 | |||||||
None | 7066 (91.47) | 1873 (91.54) | 1337 (91.95) | 2330 (91.55) | 950 (90.56) | 576 (91.28) | ||
Past | 290 (3.75) | 82 (4.01) | 54 (3.71) | 88 (3.46) | 46 (4.39) | 20 (3.17) | ||
Current | 369 (4.78) | 91 (4.45) | 63 (4.33) | 127 (4.99) | 53 (5.05) | 35 (5.55) | ||
Alcohol drinking | <0.001 | |||||||
<1 time/month | 4656 (60.27) | 1429 (69.84) | 882 (60.66) | 1400 (55.01) | 591 (56.34) | 354 (56.10) | ||
≥1 time/month | 3069 (39.73) | 617 (30.16) | 572 (39.34) | 1145 (44.99) | 458 (43.66) | 277 (43.90) | ||
Physical activity | 0.034 | |||||||
Low | 2543 (32.92) | 650 (31.77) | 488 (33.56) | 832 (32.69) | 370 (35.27) | 203 (32.17) | ||
Moderate | 3310 (42.85) | 853 (41.69) | 600 (41.27) | 1118 (43.93) | 446 (42.52) | 293 (46.43) | ||
High | 1872 (24.23) | 543 (26.54) | 366 (25.17) | 595 (23.38) | 233 (22.21) | 135 (21.39) | ||
Education | <0.001 | |||||||
0–6 years | 2204 (28.53) | 1149 (56.16) | 402 (27.65) | 498 (19.57) | 97 (9.25) | 58 (9.19) | ||
7–12 years | 3103 (40.17) | 624 (30.50) | 626 (43.05) | 1111 (43.65) | 457 (43.57) | 285 (45.17) | ||
≥13 years | 2418 (31.30) | 273 (13.34) | 426 (29.30) | 936 (36.78) | 495 (47.19) | 288 (45.64) | ||
Income | <0.001 | |||||||
Q1 | 1869 (24.19) | 591 (28.89) | 352 (24.21) | 569 (22.36) | 231 (22.02) | 126 (19.97) | ||
Q2 | 1978 (25.61) | 565 (27.61) | 368 (25.31) | 624 (24.52) | 265 (25.26) | 156 (24.72) | ||
Q3 | 1985 (25.70) | 472 (23.07) | 375 (25.79) | 705 (27.70) | 269 (25.64) | 164 (25.99) | ||
Q4 | 1893 (24.50) | 418 (20.43) | 359 (24.69) | 647 (25.42) | 284 (27.07) | 185 (29.32) | ||
Survey year | 0.055 | |||||||
2008 | 1477 (19.12) | 406 (19.84) | 286 (19.67) | 470 (18.47) | 195 (18.59) | 120 (19.02) | ||
2009 | 2936 (38.01) | 804 (39.30) | 559 (38.45) | 948 (37.25) | 371 (35.37) | 254 (40.25) | ||
2010 | 2345 (30.36) | 597 (29.18) | 425 (29.23) | 821 (32.26) | 319 (30.41) | 183 (29.00) | ||
2011 | 967 (12.52) | 239 (11.68) | 184 (12.65) | 306 (12.02) | 164 (15.63) | 74 (11.73) |
Sex | Outcome | Characteristics | Crude | Age-Adjusted | Multivariable a | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | TC | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 1.76 ± 1.61 | 3.45 ± 1.59 | 2.43 ± 1.56 | 0.120 | |||
2–3/week | 1.41 ± 1.49 | 3.82 ± 1.48 | 2.56 ± 1.48 | 0.084 | |||
4–6/week | 2.18 ± 2.08 | 5.42 ± 2.10 | 3.37 ± 2.06 | 0.100 | |||
≥1/day | −2.47 ± 2.82 | 0.85 ± 2.76 | −0.35 ± 2.63 | 0.895 | |||
TG b | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | −0.044 ± 0.031 | −0.007 ± 0.030 | −0.025 ± 0.028 | 0.374 | |||
2–3/week | −0.031 ± 0.027 | 0.020 ± 0.026 | −0.006 ± 0.026 | 0.798 | |||
4–6/week | 0.08 ± 0.034 | −0.013 ± 0.034 | −0.055 ± 0.033 | 0.099 | |||
≥1/day | −0.12 ± 0.049 | −0.047 ± 0.047 | −0.059 ± 0.043 | 0.168 | |||
HDL-C | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | −0.34 ± 0.55 | −0.71 ± 0.55 | −0.47 ± 0.52 | 0.359 | |||
2–3/week | −0.0005 ± 0.49 | −0.54 ± 0.49 | −0.59 ± 0.48 | 0.222 | |||
4–6/week | 0.57 ± 0.67 | −0.15 ± 0.68 | 0.21 ± 0.67 | 0.756 | |||
≥1/day | 0.57 ± 0.69 | −0.17 ± 0.68 | 0.096 ± 0.65 | 0.882 | |||
LDL-C | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.90 ± 3.06 | 2.41 + 3.14 | 1.02 ± 3.00 | 0.734 | |||
2–3/week | 0.32 ± 2.64 | 2.33 + 2.71 | 1.09 ± 2.67 | 0.682 | |||
4–6/week | 4.95 ± 3.48 | 7.52 + 3.56 | 4.37 ± 3.54 | 0.218 | |||
≥1/day | −8.34 ± 4.07 | −5.35 + 3.95 | −5.44 ± 3.82 | 0.155 | |||
Dyslipidemia | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.70 (0.49 to 1.00) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.29) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.12) | 0.176 | |||
2–3/week | 0.69 (0.50 to 0.95) | 0.99 (0.71 to 1.38) | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.20) | 0.362 | |||
4–6/week | 0.63 (0.42 to 0.96) | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.56) | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.30) | 0.434 | |||
≥1/day | 0.60 (0.36 to 0.98) | 0.95 (0.56 to 1.59) | 0.76 (0.44 to 1.31) | 0.324 | |||
Hypertension | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.83) | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.30) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.18) | 0.487 | |||
2–3/week | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.71) | 1.12 (0.89 to 1.40) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.32) | 0.737 | |||
4–6/week | 0.47 (0.35 to 0.62) | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.46) | 0.97 (0.70 to 1.35) | 0.872 | |||
≥1/day | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.77) | 1.28 (0.90 to 1.84) | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.66) | 0.542 | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.57 (0.42 to 0.76) | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.12) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.09) | 0.147 | |||
2–3/week | 0.47 (0.36 to 0.62) | 0.82 (0.60 to 1.11) | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.13) | 0.242 | |||
4–6/week | 0.21 (0.13 to 0.35) | 0.42 (0.26 to 0.70) | 0.42 (0.25 to 0.70) | 0.001 | |||
≥1/day | 0.49 (0.25 to 0.65) | 0.80 (0.48 to 1.33) | 0.80 (0.48 to 1.35) | 0.405 | |||
Stroke | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.68 (0.39 to 1.20) | 1.11 (0.61 to 2.01) | 1.19 (0.63 to 2.25) | 0.598 | |||
2–3/week | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.24) | 1.61 (0.95 to 2.72) | 1.86 (1.08 to 3.22) | 0.026 | |||
4–6/week | 0.44 (0.17 to 1.14) | 1.13 (0.43 to 2.99) | 1.35 (0.51 to 3.62) | 0.545 | |||
≥1/day | 0.72 (0.26 to 2.01) | 1.76 (0.61 to 5.07) | 2.15 (0.72 to 6.43) | 0.171 | |||
Myocardial infarction | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.74 (0.30 to 1.84) | 1.14 (0.44 to 2.91) | 1.05 (0.39 to 2.85) | 0.924 | |||
2–3/week | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.47) | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.96) | 0.41 (0.17 to 0.98) | 0.045 | |||
4–6/week | 0.68 (0.17 to 2.77) | 1.57 (0.43 to 5.74) | 1.68 (0.45 to 6.19) | 0.439 | |||
≥1/day | 0.85 (0.26 to 2.71) | 1.88 (0.56 to 6.30) | 1.98 (0.53 to 7.34) | 0.307 | |||
Angina pectoris | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.58 (0.30 to 1.14) | 0.92 (0.47 to 1.81) | 0.82 (0.41 to 1.61) | 0.559 | |||
2–3/week | 0.37 (0.21 to 0.66) | 0.74 (0.41 to 1.35) | 0.64 (0.36 to 1.16) | 0.140 | |||
4–6/week | 0.47 (0.21 to 1.04) | 1.14 (0.50 to 2.61) | 0.95 (0.40 to 2.25) | 0.913 | |||
≥1/day | 0.02 (0.015 to 0.029) | 0.75 (0.25 to 2.27) | 0.6 (0.20 to 1.84) | 0.375 |
Sex | Outcome | Characteristics | Crude | Age-Adjusted | Multivariable a | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | TC | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | −5.60 ± 1.44 | 1.61 ± 1.39 | 1.66 ± 1.38 | 0.231 | |||
2–3/week | −6.21 ± 1.19 | 3.10 ± 1.22 | 3.21 ± 1.23 | 0.009 | |||
4–6/week | −6.65 ± 1.50 | 4.72 ± 1.46 | 4.51 ± 1.44 | 0.002 | |||
≥1/day | −9.66 ± 1.94 | 2.18 ± 1.93 | 2.69 ± 1.91 | 0.160 | |||
TG b | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | −0.13 ± 0.023 | −0.012 ± 0.022 | 0.005 ± 0.021 | 0.810 | |||
2–3/week | −0.15 ± 0.020 | 0.0006 ± 0.020 | 0.026 ± 0.019 | 0.176 | |||
4–6/week | −0.19 ± 0.27 | −0.007 ± 0.026 | 0.014 ± 0.026 | 0.598 | |||
≥1/day | −0.22 ± 0.030 | −0.029 ± 0.030 | 0.011 ± 0.029 | 0.707 | |||
HDL-C | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 1.43 ± 0.48 | 0.19 ± 0.48 | −0.093 ± 0.46 | 0.840 | |||
2–3/week | 2.62 ± 0.41 | 1.02 ± 0.41 | 0.59 ± 0.40 | 0.143 | |||
4–6/week | 3.94 ± 0.56 | 1.98 ± 0.55 | 1.61 ± 0.53 | 0.003 | |||
≥1/day | 3.07 ± 0.63 | 1.03 ± 0.65 | 0.59 ± 0.62 | 0.345 | |||
LDL-C | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | −0.94 ± 2.94 | 4.48 ± 2.79 | 5.24 ± 2.59 | 0.044 | |||
2–3/week | −1.58 ± 2.24 | 3.57 ± 2.13 | 4.17 ± 2.00 | 0.038 | |||
4–6/week | −0.56 ± 3.06 | 5.63 ± 2.83 | 5.73 ± 2.79 | 0.041 | |||
≥1/day | −11.55 ± 3.83 | −4.07 ± 3.72 | −1.32 ± 3.58 | 0.713 | |||
Dyslipidemia | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.74 (0.57 to 0.96) | 1.28 (0.96 to 1.71) | 1.21 (0.91 to 1.62) | 0.195 | |||
2–3/week | 0.5 (0.39 to 0.63) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) | 0.96 (0.74 to 1.25) | 0.784 | |||
4–6/week | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.59) | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.52) | 0.99 (0.66 to 1.48) | 0.970 | |||
≥1/day | 0.41 (0.27 to 0.63) | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.67) | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.64) | 0.913 | |||
Hypertension | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.47 (0.39 to 0.56) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.29) | 0.908 | |||
2–3/week | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.34) | 0.78 (0.63 to 0.97) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | 0.035 | |||
4–6/week | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.25) | 0.69 (0.49 to 0.96) | 0.77 (0.54 to 1.10) | 0.151 | |||
≥1/day | 0.15 (0.10 to 0.23) | 0.56 (0.37 to 0.84) | 0.6 (0.39 to 0.90) | 0.015 | |||
Diabetes mellitus | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.45 (0.33 to 0.61) | 0.79 (0.57 to 1.10) | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.15) | 0.252 | |||
2–3/week | 0.42 (0.32 to 0.55) | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.24) | 0.97 (0.71 to 1.32) | 0.853 | |||
4–6/week | 0.16 (0.093 to 0.29) | 0.43 (0.24 to 0.77) | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.87) | 0.015 | |||
≥1/day | 0.29 (0.15 to 0.54) | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.51) | 0.92 (0.48 to 1.78) | 0.806 | |||
Stroke | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.46 (0.27 to 0.81) | 0.95 (0.54 to 1.67) | 1.08 (0.58 ± 1.99) | 0.813 | |||
2–3/week | 0.25 (0.14 to 0.44) | 0.66 (0.36 to 1.23) | 0.72 (0.37 to 1.37) | 0.313 | |||
4–6/week | 0.12 (0.042 to 0.32) | 0.40 (0.14 to 1.17) | 0.45 (0.15 to 1.39) | 0.166 | |||
≥1/day | 0.11 (0.025 to 0.45) | 0.38 (0.087 to 1.69) | 0.48 (0.10 to 2.31) | 0.360 | |||
Myocardial infarction | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.69 (0.26 to 1.85) | 1.28 (0.46 to 3.57) | 1.30 (0.46 to 3.72) | 0.619 | |||
2–3/week | 0.28 (0.11 to 0.69) | 0.63 (0.22 to 1.77) | 0.67 (0.25 to 1.81) | 0.428 | |||
4–6/week | 0.085 (0.019 to 0.39) | 0.24 (0.049 to 1.21) | 0.31 (0.059 to 1.58) | 0.157 | |||
≥1/day | NA | NA | NA | ||||
Angina pectoris | Egg consumption | ||||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | |||
1/week | 0.90 (0.50 to 1.60) | 1.74 (0.96 to 3.13) | 1.76 (1.01 to 3.07) | 0.048 | |||
2–3/week | 0.31 (0.18 to 0.51) | 0.74 (0.43 to 1.27) | 0.77 (0.44 to 1.35) | 0.361 | |||
4–6/week | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.77) | 1.06 (0.45 to 2.48) | 1.27 (0.55 to 2.92) | 0.574 | |||
≥1/day | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.92) | 1.25 (0.51 to 3.05) | 1.50 (0.61 to 3.73) | 0.379 |
Sex | Outcome | Characteristics | Crude | Age-Adjusted | Multivariable a | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Fat mass | Egg consumption | ||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | 0.60 ± 0.28 | 0.49 ± 0.29 | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 0.101 | ||
2–3/week | 0.71 ± 0.26 | 0.55 ± 0.27 | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.033 | ||
4–6/week | 1.34 ± 0.31 | 1.13 ± 0.33 | 0.27 ± 0.18 | 0.129 | ||
≥1/day | 0.99 ± 0.44 | 0.77 ± 0.46 | 0.40 ± 0.22 | 0.078 | ||
Percentage body fat | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | 0.32 ± 0.26 | 0.51 ± 0.27 | 0.33 ± 0.20 | 0.094 | ||
2–3/week | 0.29 ± 0.24 | 0.56 ± 0.24 | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 0.024 | ||
4–6/week | 0.64 ± 0.29 | 0.99 ± 0.30 | 0.37 ± 0.23 | 0.104 | ||
≥1/day | 0.35 ± 0.43 | 0.72 ± 0.43 | 0.49 ± 0.30 | 0.102 | ||
Fat-free mass | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | 1.01 ± 0.36 | 0.22 ± 0.35 | −0.19 ± 0.22 | 0.390 | ||
2–3/week | 1.35 ± 0.30 | 0.21 ± 0.30 | −0.25 ± 0.19 | 0.179 | ||
4–6/week | 2.68 ± 0.40 | 1.17 ± 0.40 | 0.11 ± 0.26 | 0.681 | ||
≥1/day | 1.94 ± 0.46 | 0.39 ± 0.47 | −0.30 ± 0.33 | 0.362 | ||
Fat-to-muscle ratio | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | 0.005 ± 0.004 | 0.008 ± 0.004 | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.107 | ||
2–3/week | 0.005 ± 0.004 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.021 | ||
4–6/week | 0.01 ± 0.005 | 0.016 ± 0.005 | 0.005 ± 0.004 | 0.163 | ||
≥1/day | 0.007 ± 0.007 | 0.013 ± 0.007 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 0.080 | ||
Waist circumference | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | −0.34 ± 0.46 | 0.32 ± 0.47 | −0.066 ± 0.20 | 0.742 | ||
2–3/week | −0.66 ± 0.42 | 0.30 ± 0.42 | −0.14 ± 0.19 | 0.470 | ||
4–6/week | 0.28 ± 0.53 | 1.54 ± 0.55 | 0.088 ± 0.26 | 0.732 | ||
≥1/day | −0.62 ± 0.67 | 0.69 ± 0.68 | 0.082 ± 0.28 | 0.768 |
Sex | Outcome | Characteristics | Crude | Age-Adjusted | Multivariable a | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Fat mass | Egg consumption | ||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | −0.33 ± 0.24 | 0.10 ± 0.24 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.087 | ||
2–3/week | −0.40 ± 0.22 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.068 | ||
4–6/week | −0.16 ± 0.30 | 0.37 ± 0.31 | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.009 | ||
≥1/day | −0.82 ± 0.31 | −0.28 ± 0.32 | 0.22 ± 0.14 | 0.115 | ||
Percentage body fat | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | −0.44 ± 0.24 | 0.19 ± 0.25 | 0.35 ± 0.18 | 0.053 | ||
2–3/week | −0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 0.18 ± 0.16 | 0.264 | ||
4–6/week | −0.73 ± 0.29 | 0.27 ± 0.29 | 0.29 ± 0.20 | 0.144 | ||
≥1/day | −1.04 ± 0.30 | −0.019 ± 0.30 | 0.39 ± 0.22 | 0.075 | ||
Fat-free mass | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | 0.07 ± 0.19 | −0.17 ± 0.19 | −0.12 ± 0.15 | 0.421 | ||
2–3/week | 0.35 ± 0.17 | 0.032 ± 0.18 | 0.045 ± 0.13 | 0.723 | ||
4–6/week | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.21 | 0.036 ± 0.16 | 0.825 | ||
≥1/day | −0.08 ± 0.24 | −0.47 ± 0.26 | −0.28 ± 0.18 | 0.126 | ||
Fat-to-muscle ratio | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | −0.01 ± 0.006 | 0.003 ± 0.006 | 0.007 ± 0.004 | 0.102 | ||
2–3/week | −0.017 ± 0.005 | 0.0007 ± 0.005 | 0.004 ± 0.003 | 0.269 | ||
4–6/week | −0.014 ± 0.007 | 0.008 ± 0.007 | 0.008 ± 0.004 | 0.068 | ||
≥1/day | −0.023 ± 0.007 | −0.0009 ± 0.007 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 0.082 | ||
Waist circumference | Egg consumption | |||||
<1/week | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
1/week | −2.71 ± 0.43 | −0.34 ± 0.40 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.396 | ||
2–3/week | −3.28 ± 0.38 | −0.24 ± 0.39 | 0.30 ± 0.19 | 0.119 | ||
4–6/week | −3.80 ± 0.49 | −0.06 ± 0.47 | 0.23 ± 0.24 | 0.339 | ||
≥1/day | −5.13 ± 0.55 | −1.33 ± 0.53 | −0.13 ± 0.27 | 0.618 |
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Shim, J.-E.; Seo, Y.-G. Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245918
Shim J-E, Seo Y-G. Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(24):5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245918
Chicago/Turabian StyleShim, Jung-Eun, and Young-Gyun Seo. 2021. "Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24: 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245918
APA StyleShim, J.-E., & Seo, Y.-G. (2021). Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(24), 5918. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245918