The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Masses
2.2. Segmentation of Images
2.3. Surface Area to Volume Ratio as a Metric for FGI Exposure Extent
3. Results
3.1. Subjects and Masses
3.2. Breast Density Distribution by Category
3.3. Distribution of α Parameter by Mass Type
4. Discussion
4.1. Trends in the α Distributions
4.2. Implication for Breast Cancer Risk
4.3. Implication for Carcinogenesis
4.4. Weaknesses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mass Histology | Count (N) |
---|---|
Cancer | 80 |
Fibroadenoma | 105 |
Cyst | 91 |
Other benign | 24 |
Subtypes: Containing fibrosis | |
Fibrocystic change | |
Granulomatous Mastitis | |
Total | 300 |
Mass Type | Whole Volume Mean α (cm−1) | St. Dev | Single Slice α (cm−1) | St. Dev |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 4.0 | 2.0 | 5.4 | 3.6 |
Fibroadenoma | 3.1 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 2.3 |
Cyst | 2.3 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
ANOVA test | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||
KW test | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Comparison | Whole Volume Measurements | Single Slice Measurements |
---|---|---|
Cancer–Cyst | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Cancer–Fibroadenoma | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Fibroadenoma–Cyst | p = 0.001 | p = 0.003 |
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Duric, N.; Sak, M.; Littrup, P.J. The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5615. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235615
Duric N, Sak M, Littrup PJ. The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(23):5615. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235615
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuric, Nebojsa, Mark Sak, and Peter J. Littrup. 2021. "The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 23: 5615. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235615
APA StyleDuric, N., Sak, M., & Littrup, P. J. (2021). The Potential Role of the Fat–Glandular Interface (FGI) in Breast Carcinogenesis: Results from an Ultrasound Tomography (UST) Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(23), 5615. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235615