Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment
2.2.1. General Assessment
2.2.2. Memories of Adverse Events
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Psychological Symptoms
2.3.2. Psychological Functioning
2.3.3. Personality Dysfunctioning
2.4. Treatment and Treatment Training
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characteristics and Types of Memories
4.2. Effects of Treatment
4.2.1. Overall Treatment Effects
4.2.2. Memories of Emotional Abuse
4.2.3. Memories of Emotional Neglect
4.2.4. Other Adverse Memories
4.2.5. Differences among the Three Memory Types
4.2.6. Results at 3-Month Follow-Up
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | EMDR Group |
---|---|
Mean age (years) | 33.9 (range 18–64) |
Gender | |
Male | 17 (33.3%) |
Female | 32 (66.7%) |
Personality cluster | |
B | 13 (29.4%) |
C | 20 (32.2%) |
OS | 16 (31.4%) |
DSM-5 personality classification | |
Borderline PD | 12 (25.5%) |
Avoidant PD | 12 (25.5%) |
Histrionic PD | - |
Narcistic PD | - |
PD OS | 19 (37.3%) |
Obsessive compulsive PD | 6 (11.8%) |
Dependent PD | - |
Types of memories | |
Emotional abuse | 11 (22.4%) |
Neglect | 24 (49%) |
Other memories | 13 (26.5%) |
Effect Size d at Post-Treatment | Effect Size d from PT to 3 Months FU | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | BL Score Mean (SD) | PT Score Mean (SD) | 3-Month Follow-Up Mean (SD) | d | CI Interval | d | CI Interval | p-Value (GEE) of the Difference over Time | |
Total sample | |||||||||
OQ-45 | 49 | 87.15 (21.11) | 74.35 (23.86) | 69.07 (27.60) | 0.57 | 0.16–0.97 | 0.20 | −0.19–0.60 | <0.001 |
BSI | 49 | 1.48 (0.74) | 1.23 (0.67) | 1.06 (0.68) | 0.35 | −0.05–0.75 | 0.25 | −0.15–0.64 | <0.001 |
Type of memory | |||||||||
OQ-45 | |||||||||
Neglect | 24 | 91.61 (17.68) | 77.66 (18.26) | 75.99 (24.24) | 0.78 | 0.18–1.35 | 0.08 | −0.49–0.64 | <0.001 |
Emotional abuse | 11 | 84.55 (20.39) | 73.27 (17.54) | 63.78 (28.27) | 0.59 | −0.28–1.42 | 0.40 | −0.46–1.23 | 0.005 |
Other | 13 | 85.31 (20.09) | 72.12 (28.55) | 67.43 (23.59) | 0.53 | −0.26–1.30 | 0.18 | −0.60–0.94 | <0.001 |
BSI | |||||||||
Neglect | 24 | 1.58 (0.66) | 1.25 (0.66) | 1.22 (0.76) | 0.52 | −0.06–1.09 | 0.05 | −0.51–0.62 | 0.018 |
Emotional abuse | 11 | 1.44 (0.71) | 1.25 (0.57) | 0.99 (0.59) | 0.29 | −0.56–1.12 | 0.46 | −0.41–1.29 | <0.001 |
Other | 13 | 1.41 (0.68) | 1.20 (0.71) | 0.98 (0.63) | 0.31 | −0.47–1.07 | 0.33 | −0.46–1.09 | 0.002 |
Fixed Effects OQ-45 | Fixed Effects BSI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est/Beta | SE | 95% CI | Wald Chi-Square | p | Est/Beta | SE | 95% CI | Wald Chi-Square | p | |
Intercept | 85.31 | 5.57 | 74.39–96.23 | 234.32 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 0.19 | 1.04–1.79 | 1.78 | <0.001 |
Neglect | 6.3 | 6.64 | −6.71–19.31 | 0.90 | 0.343 | 0.17 | 0.23 | −0.29–0.63 | 0.53 | 0.465 |
EA | 0.76 | 8.30 | −17.03–15.50 | 0.08 | 0.927 | 0.03 | 0.29 | −0.53–0.59 | 0.01 | 0.922 |
Post-treatment | −13.19 | 4.50 | −22.00–4.38 | 8.60 | 0.003 | −0.22 | 0.10 | −0.42–0.01 | 4.29 | 0.038 |
Neglect Post-treatment | −0.775 | 5.18 | −10.90–9.40 | 0.02 | 0.884 | −0.12 | 0.16 | −0.42–0.19 | 0.55 | 0.458 |
EA Post-treatment | 1.92 | 6.06 | −9.96–13.79 | 0.10 | 0.752 | 0.03 | 0.14 | −0.24–0.29 | 0.04 | 0.852 |
Follow-up | −17.88 | 4.46 | 26.62–9.13 | 16.05 | 0.000 | −0.43 | 0.13 | −0.69–−0.18 | 10.93 | 0.001 |
Neglect Follow-up | 2.26 | 6.31 | −10.11–14.64 | 0.13 | 0.720 | 0.07 | 0.20 | −0.32–0.46 | 0.11 | 0.738 |
EA Follow-up | 2.89 | 7.97 | −18.51–12.72 | 0.13 | 0.716 | −0.02 | 0.18 | −0.37–0.32 | 0.02 | 0.901 |
Model Fit | Model Fit | |||||||||
QIC | 60,424.259 | 72.171 |
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Hafkemeijer, L.; Starrenburg, A.; van der Palen, J.; Slotema, K.; de Jongh, A. Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194333
Hafkemeijer L, Starrenburg A, van der Palen J, Slotema K, de Jongh A. Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(19):4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194333
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafkemeijer, Laurian, Annemieke Starrenburg, Job van der Palen, Karin Slotema, and Ad de Jongh. 2021. "Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19: 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194333
APA StyleHafkemeijer, L., Starrenburg, A., van der Palen, J., Slotema, K., & de Jongh, A. (2021). Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(19), 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194333