Continuous Remote Patient Monitoring Shows Early Cardiovascular Changes in COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. The Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) System
2.4. Ethical Approval
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Sex | Age | BMI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Young (18–40 Years) | Middle Age (40–60 Years) | Elderly (60–80 Years) | >80 Years | p | Normal <24.9 kg∙min−2 | Overweight 25.0–29.9 kg∙min−2 | Obese >30.0 kg∙min−2 | p | |
n | 313 | 179 | 131 | 128 | 171 | 62 | 198 | 171 | 123 | ||
Sex M: F | 84:47 | 89:39 | 113:58 | 27:35 | 111:87 | 122:49 | 80:43 | ||||
Monitoring period (hours) | 95.4 ± 67.6 | 83.5 ± 62.6 | 64.9 ± 43.7 | 87.8 ± 49.8 | 101.5 ± 69.3 | 120.7 ± 97.9 | 86.6 ± 69.1 | 98.1 ± 64.1 | 88.0 ± 63.2 | ||
Age (years) | 56 ± 17 | 60 ±22 | 31 ± 6 b,c,d | 53 ± 5 a,c,d | 69 ± 6 a,b,d | 87 ± 5 a,b,c | * | 53 ± 20 &,^ | 61 ± 18 # | 59 ± 17 # | * |
Weight (kg) | 83.1 ± 14.5 | 71.0 ± 15.5 | 75.7 ± 17.6 b | 83.0 ± 14.6 a,c,d | 78.8 ± 16.5 b | 75.1 ± 11.1 b | * | 67.2 ± 10.3 &,^ | 80.1 ± 9.0 # | 95.3 ± 16.3 # | * |
BMI (kg∙m−2) | 27.26 ± 4.49 | 26.83 ± 5.92 $ | 25.3 ± 5.33 b,c,d | 28.25 ± 4.49 a | 27.2 ± 5.36 a | 27.63 ± 3.81 a | * | 22.74 ± 2.18 &,^ | 27.41 ± 1.36 # | 33.67 ± 4.54 # | * |
Body temp. (C) | 37.3 ± 0.7 | 37.2 ± 0.6 $ | 37.2 ± 0.6 d | 37.3 ± 0.7 | 37.4 ± 0.7 d | 37.2 ± 0.7 a,c | * | 37.3 ± 0.6 | 37.3 ± 0.7 | 37.3 ± 0.7 | |
SpO2 (%) | 95.4 ±3.3 | 95.9 ±2.9 $ | 96.7 ± 2.4 b,c,d | 95.0 ± 3.3 a,c | 95.1 ± 3.2 a,b,d | 95.7 ± 3.3 a,c | * | 96.0 ± 2.9 &,^ | 95.5 ± 3.0 #,^ | 95.0 ± 3.6 #,& | * |
RR (br∙min−1) | 17.5 ± 4.2 | 17.1 ± 3.7 | 15.7 ± 3.7 b,c,d | 18.1 ± 4.1 a,d | 18.0 ± 4.0 a | 17.1 ± 3.7 a,b | * | 17.2 ± 4.0 ^ | 17.0 ± 4.0 ^ | 18.1 ±4.2 #,& | * |
HR (beats∙min−1) | 83 ± 14 | 81 ± 14 $ | 83 ± 15 d | 84 ± 14 d | 82 ±13 d | 79 ± 14 a,b,c | * | 83 ± 13 ^ | 83 ± 14 | 81 ± 5 # | |
SBP (mmHg) | 129 ± 17 | 128 ± 20 | 126 ± 15 c,d | 128 ± 18 d | 130 ± 20 | 132 ± 23 a,b | * | 129 ± 18 | 128 ± 17 | 129 ± 20 | |
DBP (mmHg) | 77 ± 13 | 75 ± 11 $ | 77 ± 11.7 c,d | 78 ± 12 d | 75 ± 12 c,d | 72 ± 13 a,b,c | * | 76 ± 12 | 76 ± 13 | 76 ± 12 | |
CO (l∙min−1) | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.7± 1.4 $ | 6.0 ± 1.6 d | 5.9 ± 1.3 d | 5.8 ± 1.3 d | 5.4 ± 1.2 a,b,c | * | 5.9 ± 1.5 ^ | 5.9 ± 1.4 ^ | 5.6 ± 1.2 #,& | * |
CI (L∙min−1∙m−2) | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 1.0 b,c,d | 3.1 ± 0.8 a | 3.2 ± 0.8 a,d | 2.9 ± 0.8 a,c | * | 3.4 ± 0.9 &,^ | 3.1 ± 0.8 #,^ | 2.8 ± 0.8 #,& | * |
SVR (dynes∙s−1∙cm−5) | 1311 ± 277 | 1341 ± 295 | 1295 ± 291 d | 1319 ± 253 d | 1313 ± 277 d | 1401 ± 336 a,b,c | * | 1309 ± 291 | 1317 ± 284 | 1350 ± 269 |
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Eisenkraft, A.; Maor, Y.; Constantini, K.; Goldstein, N.; Nachman, D.; Levy, R.; Halberthal, M.; Horowitz, N.A.; Golan, R.; Rosenberg, E.; et al. Continuous Remote Patient Monitoring Shows Early Cardiovascular Changes in COVID-19 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184218
Eisenkraft A, Maor Y, Constantini K, Goldstein N, Nachman D, Levy R, Halberthal M, Horowitz NA, Golan R, Rosenberg E, et al. Continuous Remote Patient Monitoring Shows Early Cardiovascular Changes in COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(18):4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184218
Chicago/Turabian StyleEisenkraft, Arik, Yasmin Maor, Keren Constantini, Nir Goldstein, Dean Nachman, Ran Levy, Michael Halberthal, Netanel A. Horowitz, Ron Golan, Elli Rosenberg, and et al. 2021. "Continuous Remote Patient Monitoring Shows Early Cardiovascular Changes in COVID-19 Patients" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 18: 4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184218
APA StyleEisenkraft, A., Maor, Y., Constantini, K., Goldstein, N., Nachman, D., Levy, R., Halberthal, M., Horowitz, N. A., Golan, R., Rosenberg, E., Lavon, E., Cohen, O., Shapira, G., Shomron, N., Ishay, A. B., Sand, E., Merin, R., Fons, M., Littman, R., & Gepner, Y. (2021). Continuous Remote Patient Monitoring Shows Early Cardiovascular Changes in COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(18), 4218. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184218