Improvement of Superficial and Deep Cutaneous Microcirculation Due to Axillary Plexus Anesthesia Impaired by Smoking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microcirculatory Measurements
3.1.1. Blood Flow (Bf)
3.1.2. Postcapillary Tissue Oxygen Saturation (StO2)
3.1.3. Relative Hemoglobin Content (rHb)
3.2. Microcirculatory Analysis: Smoker vs. Nonsmoker
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Relative Change (CI) | p (s vs. d) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Superficial (s) | Deep (d) | ||
Blood Flow (Bf) | |||
Completion of APB | 4.51 (2.349–6.676) | 3.74 (0.568–6.920) | 0.037 |
+5 min | 6.33 (4.079–8.588) | 3.92 (1.401–6.446) | 0.002 |
+10 min | 6.49 (4.169–8.809) | 3.80 (1.369–6.229) | 0.001 |
+15 min | 7.17 (4.122–10.211) | 3.92 (1.346–6.497) | 0.001 |
Post-capillary Tissue Oxygen Saturation (StO2) | |||
Completion of APB | 1.10 (1.023–1.167) | 1.20 (0.987–1.406) | 0.428 |
+5 min | 1.15 (1.049–1.245) | 1.26 (1.051–1.469) | 0.299 |
+10 min | 1.14 (1.030–1.246) | 1.24 (1.076–1.399) | 0.102 |
+15 min | 1.12 (1.008–1.236) | 1.26 (1.054–1.475) | 0.102 |
Relative Hemoglobin Content (rHb) | |||
Completion of APB | 1.06 (0.984–1.138) | 1.21 (1.072–1.344) | 0.349 |
+5 min | 1.13 (1.075–1.178) | 1.37 (1.192–1.553) | 0.060 |
+10 min | 1.14 (1.088–1.184) | 1.35 (1.191–1.515) | 0.023 |
+15 min | 1.10 (1.043–1.166) | 1.40 (1.236–1.558) | <0.001 |
Relative Change (CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Superficial | p s vs. ns | Deep | p s vs. ns | |||
Smoker (s) | Non-Smoker (ns) | Smoker (s) | Non-Smoker (ns) | |||
Blood Flow (Bf) | ||||||
Completion of APB | 2.54 (1.324–3.750) | 5.38 (1.929–8.841) | 0.245 | 1.77 (1.059–2.474) | 2.37 (1.597–3.140) | 0.394 |
+5 min | 2.76 (1.837–3.679) | 8.69 (5.231–12-149) | 0.011 | 1.72 (1.181–2.257) | 3.30 (2.580–4.015) | 0.005 |
+10 min | 2.51 (1.698–3.331) | 9.17 (5.673–12.659) | 0.012 | 1.62 (1.073–2.166) | 3.24 (2.538–3.941) | 0.004 |
+15 min | 2.49 (1.667–3.314) | 10.36 (5.597–15.118) | 0.006 | 1.65 (1.080–2.218) | 3.30 (2.604–6.497) | 0.003 |
Post-capillary Tissue Oxygen Saturation (StO2) | ||||||
Completion of APB | 1.03 (0.967–1.088) | 1.11 (1.013–1.213) | 0.347 | 1.11 (1.035–1.191) | 1.08 (1.080–1.159) | 0.556 |
+5 min | 1.04 (0.962–1.115) | 1.21 (1.058–1.364) | 0.195 | 1.17 (1.035–1.314) | 1.15 (1.082–1.211) | 0.394 |
+10 min | 1.01 (0.954–1.073) | 1.21 (1.042–1.388) | 0.088 | 1.19 (1.055–1.322) | 1.14 (1.078–1.207) | 0.777 |
+15 min | 1.01 (0.941–1.072) | 1.19 (1.003–1.372) | 0.303 | 1.18 (1.041–1.328) | 1.15 (1.076–1.217) | 0.777 |
Relative Hemoglobin Content (rHb) | ||||||
Completion of APB | 0.97 (0.803–1.130) | 1.12 (1.080–1.159) | 0.038 | 1.30 (1.050-1.559) | 1.15 (1.004-1.287) | 0.586 |
+5 min | 1.07 (0.983–1.158) | 1.16 (1.104–1.220) | 0.166 | 1.44 (1.125–1.750) | 1.34 (1.126–1.558) | 0.983 |
+10 min | 1.07 (1.010–1.122) | 1.18 (1.118–1.246) | 0.021 | 1.47 (1.196–1.736) | 1.29 (1.093–1.487) | 0.444 |
+15 min | 1.05 (0.964–1.134) | 1.14 (1.056–1.222) | 0.140 | 1.44 (1.174–1.698) | 1.39 (1.182–1.592) | 0.913 |
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Bosselmann, T.; Kolbenschlag, J.; Goertz, O.; Zahn, P.; Prantl, L.; Lehnhardt, M.; Behr, B.; Sogorski, A. Improvement of Superficial and Deep Cutaneous Microcirculation Due to Axillary Plexus Anesthesia Impaired by Smoking. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102114
Bosselmann T, Kolbenschlag J, Goertz O, Zahn P, Prantl L, Lehnhardt M, Behr B, Sogorski A. Improvement of Superficial and Deep Cutaneous Microcirculation Due to Axillary Plexus Anesthesia Impaired by Smoking. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102114
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosselmann, Talia, Jonas Kolbenschlag, Ole Goertz, Peter Zahn, Lukas Prantl, Marcus Lehnhardt, Björn Behr, and Alexander Sogorski. 2021. "Improvement of Superficial and Deep Cutaneous Microcirculation Due to Axillary Plexus Anesthesia Impaired by Smoking" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102114