Erectile Dysfunction Is the Main Correlate of Depression in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Beck Depression Inventory-II Score | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
<14 (Not Depressed) N = 40 | ≥14 (Depressed) N = 17 | ||
Demographic and lifestyle variables | |||
Age (years) | 41.5 (21.0–81.0) | 52.0 (20.0–76.0) | 0.5 |
Education—n (%) | |||
Primary school | 11 (27.5) | 7 (41.2) | 0.6 |
High school | 24 (60.0) | 9 (53.0) | |
University | 5 (12.5) | 1 (5.8) | |
Marital/partner status—n (%) | |||
Single | 18 (45.0) | 6 (35.3) | 0.7 |
Married | 16 (40.0) | 7 (41.3) | |
Divorced/separeted | 4 (10.0) | 2 (11.7) | |
Widowed | 2 (5.0) | 2 (11.7) | |
LTPA (min/week) | 560 (35–1225) | 245 (35–1015) | 0.08 |
Clinical and injury-related characteristics | |||
BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.6 (15.2–37.2) | 25.4 (12.3–32.7) | 0.5 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 2 (0–8) | 3 (0–7) | 0.2 |
BDI-II score | 6.5 (1–13) | 14 (14–23) | <0.0001 |
Psychotropic drugs—n (%) | 12 (30.0) | 6 (35.3) | 0.9 |
Duration of injury (years) | 11.2 (1.5–37.0) | 7.0 (1.1–24.0) | 0.1 |
Lesion motor completeness—n (%) | |||
Complete (AIS A+B) | 25 (62.5) | 14 (82.3) | 0.2 |
Incomplete (AIS C+D) | 15 (37.5) | 3 (17.7) | |
Level of the lesion—n (%) | |||
Cervical Spine | 19 (47.5) | 11 (64.7) | 0.3 |
Thoracic-lumbar Spine | 21 (52.5) | 6 (35.3) | |
SCIM score | 38.0 (11.0–56.0) | 35.0 (10.0–69.0) | 0.4 |
Bowel/bladder SCIM sub-score * | 22.0 (0.0–25.0) | 9.0 (0.0–20.0) | 0.001 |
Pain Intensity (NRS score) | 3.0 (0.0–10.0) | 3.0 (0.0–8.0) | 0.9 |
Erectile dysfunction—n (%) | 18 (45.0) | 14 (82.3) | 0.02 |
Blood biometric measures | |||
Total testosterone (ng/dL) | 404.5 (111.0–713.0) | 268.0 (25.0–694.0) | 0.03 |
Calculated free testosterone (pg/mL) | 118.1 (27.8–241.1) | 65.0 (2.9–162.9) | 0.02 |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 16.3 (4.1–34.4) | 11.1 (4.4–22.6) | 0.02 |
Season of evaluation—n (%) | |||
Autumn/winter | 24 (60.0) | 7 (41.2) | 0.3 |
Spring/summer | 16 (40.0) | 10 (58.8) |
Depression (BDI-II Score ≥14) | ||
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Erectile dysfunction (IIEF-5 score ≤21) | 19.0 (3.1; 203.3) | 0.004 |
Bowel/bladder SCIM sub-score | 0.84 (0.72; 0.94) | 0.01 |
Calculated free testosterone (pg/mL) | 0.98 (0.96; 1.0) | 0.07 |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 0.96 (0.82; 1.1) | 0.6 |
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Barbonetti, A.; D’Andrea, S.; Castellini, C.; Totaro, M.; Muselli, M.; Cavallo, F.; Felzani, G.; Necozione, S.; Francavilla, S. Erectile Dysfunction Is the Main Correlate of Depression in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102090
Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Castellini C, Totaro M, Muselli M, Cavallo F, Felzani G, Necozione S, Francavilla S. Erectile Dysfunction Is the Main Correlate of Depression in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102090
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbonetti, Arcangelo, Settimio D’Andrea, Chiara Castellini, Maria Totaro, Mario Muselli, Francesca Cavallo, Giorgio Felzani, Stefano Necozione, and Sandro Francavilla. 2021. "Erectile Dysfunction Is the Main Correlate of Depression in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102090