Friedel–Crafts Crosslinked Highly Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membranes for a Vanadium/Air Redox Flow Battery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Membrane Preparation
2.2. Proton Conductivity
2.3. Ion Exchange Capacity (IEC)
2.4. Water Uptake
2.5. Permeability of Vanadium Ions
2.6. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy
2.7. Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (PFG NMR)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Crosslinking SPEEK
3.2. Channel Orientation by Water Diffusion Anisotropy
3.3. Swelling and Proton Conductivity
150 °C | 200 °C | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swelling (%) | Proton Conductivity (mS/cm) | Swelling (%) | Proton Conductivity (mS/cm) | |||||
5 min | 60 min | 5 min | 60 min | 5 min | 60 min | 5 min | 60 min | |
cSPEEK 2:1 | 24 ± 7 | 23 ± 3 | 30.8 | 26.8 | 27 ± 10 | 32 ± 2 | 10.9 | 30.2 |
cSPEEK 3:1 | 42 ± 14 | 15 ± 1 | 36 | 8.4 | 35 ± 5 | 50 ± 8 | 13.3 | 36.3 |
cSPEEK 4:1 | 56 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 | 61.8 | 9 | 45 ± 6 | 32 ± 1 | 25.9 | 38.1 |
3.4. Vanadium Permeability
Membranes | IEC | Permeability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-crosslinked | 150 °C | 200 °C | Non-crosslinked | 200 °C | |
cSPEEK60 3:1 | 1.60 | 2.05 | 6.7 × 10−6 | ||
cSPEEK60 2:1 | 1.43 | 1.97 | 4.8 × 10−6 | ||
cSPEEK30 2:1 | 1.12 | 1.34 | 5.7 × 10−8 | ||
Nafion 117 | 0.97 [36] | 1.9 × 10−6 | |||
SPEEK | 2.24 | ∼ |
4. Conclusions
Appendix
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Merle, G.; Ioana, F.C.; Demco, D.E.; Saakes, M.; Hosseiny, S.S. Friedel–Crafts Crosslinked Highly Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membranes for a Vanadium/Air Redox Flow Battery. Membranes 2014, 4, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4010001
Merle G, Ioana FC, Demco DE, Saakes M, Hosseiny SS. Friedel–Crafts Crosslinked Highly Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membranes for a Vanadium/Air Redox Flow Battery. Membranes. 2014; 4(1):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerle, Géraldine, Filipoi Carmen Ioana, Dan Eugen Demco, Michel Saakes, and Seyed Schwan Hosseiny. 2014. "Friedel–Crafts Crosslinked Highly Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK) Membranes for a Vanadium/Air Redox Flow Battery" Membranes 4, no. 1: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes4010001