Evaluation of Forward Osmosis and Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis with a Tubular Membrane for the Concentration of Municipal Wastewater and the Production of Biogas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Forward Osmosis Membrane
2.2. Experimental System: FO Mode and LPRO Mode
2.2.1. FO Mode
2.2.2. LPRO Mode
2.3. Membrane Characterization and Operation Conditions
2.4. Municipal Wastewater Concentration
2.4.1. Initial Membrane Permeability
2.4.2. Wastewater Stabilization in the System
2.4.3. Concentration of Wastewater
- A.
- Concentration by FO
- B.
- Concentration by LPRO
2.4.4. Membrane Washes
2.4.5. Membrane Final Permeability
2.5. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Tests
2.6. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Membrane in FO
3.1.1. Different Concentration of NaCl as DS
3.1.2. Different Feed and Draw Volume Flow Rates
3.2. Flow Analysis in the Concentration Wastewater Processes: FO vs. LPRO
3.3. Concentration Process and Recovery
3.3.1. FO Process
3.3.2. LPRO Process
3.4. Biogas Production
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FO | LPRO | ||
---|---|---|---|
Operational parameters | Driving force | Similar in both processes | |
Volume of municipal wastewater treated (L) | 78 | ||
Operation time (min) | 346 | 580 | |
Concentration factor | 3 | ||
Parameters studied | Water flux (L/(m2h)) Reverse salt flux (g/(m2h)) Total recovery TOC concentration (included washes) (%) BMP test (NmL of CH4/g) |
Manufacturers | Berghof Membranes (Germany) |
---|---|
Membrane module | TFO-D90 |
Active area | 2.3 m2 |
Average membrane tube diameter | 5.3 mm |
Lumen open cross-sectional area | 26 cm2 |
Shell open cross-sectional area | 15 cm2 |
Housing material | PVC-U |
Potting material | Epoxy resin |
Water flux (*) | >6 L/(m2h) |
Reverse salt flux (*) | <1 g/(m2h) |
Specific reverse salt flux (*) | <0.17 g/L |
Volatile Solids (VS) (g/kg) | Total Solids (TS) (g/kg) | TOC (Total Organic Carbon) (mg TOC/L) | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inoculum | 10.60 ± 0.13 | 20.70 ± 0.21 | 828.11 ± 42.00 | 7.3 ± 0.1 |
FO substrate | 5.70 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 33.30 ± 1.12 | 7.4 ± 0.1 |
LPRO substrate | 21.88 ± 0.22 | 2.84 ± 0.10 | 141.60 ± 4.65 | 7.5 ± 0.1 |
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Salamanca, M.; Palacio, L.; Hernandez, A.; Peña, M.; Prádanos, P. Evaluation of Forward Osmosis and Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis with a Tubular Membrane for the Concentration of Municipal Wastewater and the Production of Biogas. Membranes 2023, 13, 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030266
Salamanca M, Palacio L, Hernandez A, Peña M, Prádanos P. Evaluation of Forward Osmosis and Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis with a Tubular Membrane for the Concentration of Municipal Wastewater and the Production of Biogas. Membranes. 2023; 13(3):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030266
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalamanca, Mónica, Laura Palacio, Antonio Hernandez, Mar Peña, and Pedro Prádanos. 2023. "Evaluation of Forward Osmosis and Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis with a Tubular Membrane for the Concentration of Municipal Wastewater and the Production of Biogas" Membranes 13, no. 3: 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030266