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Membranes
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/membranes13020197
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Article

Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Cleaner Production of Diprotic Malic Acid: Separation Mechanism and Performance Evaluation

by
Jinfeng He
1,†,
Rong Zhou
1,†,
Zhiguo Dong
1,
Junying Yan
2,
Xixi Ma
1,
Wenlong Liu
1,
Li Sun
1,3,
Chuanrun Li
1,3,
Haiyang Yan
1,3,*,
Yaoming Wang
2 and
Tongwen Xu
2,*
1
School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
2
Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Functional Membranes, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Membranes 2023, 13(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020197
Submission received: 5 January 2023 / Revised: 19 January 2023 / Accepted: 2 February 2023 / Published: 5 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Professor ‪Victor Nikonenko)
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Abstract

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is a promising process for the cleaner production of organic acid. In this study, the separation mechanism of BMED with different cell configurations, i.e., BP-A, BP-A-C, and BP-C (BP, bipolar membrane; A, anion exchange membrane; C, cation exchange membrane), to produce diprotic malic acid from sodium malate was compared in consideration of the conversion ratio, current efficiency and energy consumption. Additionally, the current density and feed concentration were investigated to optimize the BMED performance. Results indicate that the conversion ratio follows BP-C > BP-A-C > BP-A, the current efficiency follows BP-A-C > BP-C > BP-A, and the energy consumption follows BP-C < BP-A-C < BP-A. For the optimized BP-C configuration, the current density was optimized as 40 mA/cm2 in consideration of low total process cost; high feed concentration (0.5–1.0 mol/L) is more feasible to produce diprotic malic acid due to the high conversion ratio (73.4–76.2%), high current efficiency (88.6–90.7%), low energy consumption (0.66–0.71 kWh/kg) and low process cost (0.58–0.59 USD/kg). Moreover, a high concentration of by-product NaOH (1.3497 mol/L) can be directly recycled to the upstream process. Therefore, BMED is a cleaner, high-efficient, low energy consumption and environmentally friendly process to produce diprotic malic acid.
Keywords: bipolar membrane electrodialysis; diprotic malic acid; cleaner production; separation mechanism; performance evaluation bipolar membrane electrodialysis; diprotic malic acid; cleaner production; separation mechanism; performance evaluation

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MDPI and ACS Style

He, J.; Zhou, R.; Dong, Z.; Yan, J.; Ma, X.; Liu, W.; Sun, L.; Li, C.; Yan, H.; Wang, Y.; et al. Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Cleaner Production of Diprotic Malic Acid: Separation Mechanism and Performance Evaluation. Membranes 2023, 13, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020197

AMA Style

He J, Zhou R, Dong Z, Yan J, Ma X, Liu W, Sun L, Li C, Yan H, Wang Y, et al. Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Cleaner Production of Diprotic Malic Acid: Separation Mechanism and Performance Evaluation. Membranes. 2023; 13(2):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020197

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Jinfeng, Rong Zhou, Zhiguo Dong, Junying Yan, Xixi Ma, Wenlong Liu, Li Sun, Chuanrun Li, Haiyang Yan, Yaoming Wang, and et al. 2023. "Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Cleaner Production of Diprotic Malic Acid: Separation Mechanism and Performance Evaluation" Membranes 13, no. 2: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020197

APA Style

He, J., Zhou, R., Dong, Z., Yan, J., Ma, X., Liu, W., Sun, L., Li, C., Yan, H., Wang, Y., & Xu, T. (2023). Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Cleaner Production of Diprotic Malic Acid: Separation Mechanism and Performance Evaluation. Membranes, 13(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020197

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