Correlation between Nafion Morphology in Various Dispersion Liquids and Properties of the Cast Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Obtaining Dispersions
2.3. Membrane Formation by Casting Method
2.4. Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Properties of Nafion Dispersions
3.2. Membrane Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dispersing Liquid | Boiling Point, °C | ηdl, mPa·s | Counterion | Conditions for Obtaining the Dispersion ** | ηdisp., mPa·s | Membrane Formation Conditions | Membrane Description *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA-H2O 100–0 | 82.2 * | 2.1 | H+, Li+ | Does not disperse when processed in the STC up to 230 °C 6 h | - | - | - |
IPA-H2O 80–20 | 80.8 * | 3.5 | H+ | 80 °C in RBF with constant stirring for 2 h | 24.6 | 40 °C 3 h in air then 80 °C 3 h in vacuum oven | Mechanically stable, transparent membrane, l > 70 µm |
Li+ | 15.1 | ||||||
Na+ | 17.4 | ||||||
IPA-H2O 60–40 | 81.0 * | 4.1 | Li+ | 80 °C in RBF with constant stirring for 2 h | 20.9 | 40 °C 3 h in air, then 80 °C 3 h in vacuum oven | Poor mechanical properties, it is possible to obtain samples of small size |
IPA-H2O 40–60 | 81.4 * | 3.7 | Li+ | 150 °C in STC for 3 h | 12.9 | 40 °C 3 h in air, then 80 °C 3 h in vacuum oven | The membrane does not form |
IPA-H2O 20–80 | 82.6 * | 2.3 | Li+ | 150 °C in STC for 3 h | 8.2 | 40 °C 3 h in air, then 80 °C 3 h in vacuum oven | The membrane forms |
DMF | 153 | 0.8 | Li+ | 120 °C in STC for 2 h | 5.5 | 40 °C 3 h in air, 60 °C 3 h in air, 120 °C 6 h in vacuum oven | Mechanically stable, transparent membrane, l > 70 µm |
Na+ | 120 °C in STC for 2 h | 5.7 | 40 °C 3 h in air, 60 °C 3 h in air, 120 °C 6 h in vacuum oven | Mechanically stable, transparent membrane, l > 70 µm | |||
Ca2+ | 200 °C in STC for 12 h | 14.5 | - | - | |||
EG | 195–198 | 18.3 | Li+ | 180 °C in STC for 6 h | 35.1 | 140 °C 6 h in a vacuum oven | Transparent brown membrane, l > 100 µm |
NMP | 202 | 2.8 | Li+ | 100 °C in STC for 2 h | 11.6 | 60 °C 3 h in air, 120 °C 6 h in vacuum | Transparent membrane, l > 50 µm |
Membrane | Young’s Modulus, MPa | Proportional Limit Stress, MPa | Tensile Strength, MPa | Tensile Strain, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
M[IPA-H2O 80–20] | 228 ± 20 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 11 ± 2 |
M[NMP] | 268 ± 10 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 241 ± 11 |
M[DMF] | 319 ± 14 | 12.9 ± 0.5 | 17.0 ± 0.6 | 102 ± 5 |
Membrane | In Contact with Water, % | RH = 95%, % | RH = 32%, % |
---|---|---|---|
M[IPA-H2O 80–20] | 25.1 | 17.6 | 4.8 |
M[DMF] | 25.2 | 19.5 | 5.6 |
M[NMP] | 24.9 | 16.6 | 4.8 |
M[EG] | 15.3 | 11.7 | 4.0 |
Membrane | P·107, cm2/s | |
---|---|---|
M[IPA-H2O 80–20] | 83.1 ± 1.3 | 1.92 ± 0.04 |
M[DMF] | 85.0 ± 1.2 | 1.26 ± 0.04 |
M[NMP] | 85.3 ± 1.4 | 1.27 ± 0.04 |
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Safronova, E.Y.; Voropaeva, D.Y.; Safronov, D.V.; Stretton, N.; Parshina, A.V.; Yaroslavtsev, A.B. Correlation between Nafion Morphology in Various Dispersion Liquids and Properties of the Cast Membranes. Membranes 2023, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010013
Safronova EY, Voropaeva DY, Safronov DV, Stretton N, Parshina AV, Yaroslavtsev AB. Correlation between Nafion Morphology in Various Dispersion Liquids and Properties of the Cast Membranes. Membranes. 2023; 13(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafronova, Ekaterina Yu., Daria Yu. Voropaeva, Dmitry V. Safronov, Nastasia Stretton, Anna V. Parshina, and Andrey B. Yaroslavtsev. 2023. "Correlation between Nafion Morphology in Various Dispersion Liquids and Properties of the Cast Membranes" Membranes 13, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010013