Graphene-Coated PVDF Membranes: Effects of Multi-Scale Rough Structure on Membrane Distillation Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of PVDF Membranes
2.3. WET-Filtration Method
2.4. Membrane Characterization
2.5. Membrane Distillation Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical and Morphological Features of Membranes
3.2. Wetting Properties of Membranes
3.3. Membrane Distillation Experiments
- (a)
- Large flux is obtained at lower feed temperature and using small temperature differences across the membranes, resulting in a cheaper process.
- (b)
- A simpler and inexpensive DCMD configuration can be used to get the best-performing processes for productivity and selectivity under softer working conditions without the necessity to increase electric energy inputs like the VMD configuration.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Thickness (µm) | Porosity (%) | Largest Pore Size (µm) | Mean Pore Size (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF | 50 ± 1 | 65 ± 4 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.09 |
0.05G/PVDF | 50 ± 1 | 62 ± 2 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
0.005G/PVDF | 50 ± 4 | 63 ± 2 | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.01 |
Sample | Ra (nm) | Rq (nm) | Rz (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
PVDF | 214 ± 19 | 272 ± 10 | 499 ± 21 |
0.05G/PVDF | 97 ± 7 | 133 ± 15 | 180 ± 16 |
0.005G/PVDF | 272 ± 10 | 327 ± 6 | 767 ± 73 |
Membrane | MD Configuration | Process Parameters | Flux (L/m2 h) | Rejection | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF + GNP (0.5 wt%) | DCMD | 0.6 M NaCl Tf: 56 °C Tp: 15 °C | ~9 | 99.9% | [8] |
PVDF-f-G | DCMD | 0.5 M NaCl Tf: 70 °C Tp: 20 °C | ~3 | 99.9% | [48] |
PVDF + GQDs (0.3) wt% | AGMD | 0.6 M NaCl Tf: 60 °C Tp: 20 °C | 18 | 99.8% | [49] |
PVDF + GO- APTS 0.3% | AGMD | 0.6 M NaCl Tf: 85 °C Tp: 23 °C | 5.4 | 99.6% | [50] |
PVDF + GO- APTS 0.3% | AGMD | 0.6 M NaCl Tf: 85 °C Tp: 25 °C | 6.25 | 99.9% | [50] |
Coated 0.005G/PVDF | DCMD | 0.6 M NaCl Tf: 40 °C Tp: 16 °C | 7.5 | 100% | This work |
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Gontarek-Castro, E.; Di Luca, G.; Lieder, M.; Gugliuzza, A. Graphene-Coated PVDF Membranes: Effects of Multi-Scale Rough Structure on Membrane Distillation Performance. Membranes 2022, 12, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050511
Gontarek-Castro E, Di Luca G, Lieder M, Gugliuzza A. Graphene-Coated PVDF Membranes: Effects of Multi-Scale Rough Structure on Membrane Distillation Performance. Membranes. 2022; 12(5):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050511
Chicago/Turabian StyleGontarek-Castro, Emilia, Giuseppe Di Luca, Marek Lieder, and Annarosa Gugliuzza. 2022. "Graphene-Coated PVDF Membranes: Effects of Multi-Scale Rough Structure on Membrane Distillation Performance" Membranes 12, no. 5: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050511