Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Membrane Fabrication
2.2. Membrane Characterization and Analysis
2.2.1. Membrane Morphology
2.2.2. Surface Zeta Potential
2.2.3. Membrane Contact Angle
2.3. TiO2 Characterization and Analysis
2.4. Experimental Setup
2.5. Experimental Procedures
2.6. Data Representation and Analysis
Membrane Flux and Dye Removal Efficiency
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Membrane Distillation
3.2. PMR Performance
3.3. Feed Concentration Analysis
3.4. Photocatalysis Kinetic Analysis
3.5. Comparison between PMRs and Previous Studies
4. Remarks and Conclusions
- Electrospinning conditions adopted in the current study enable the acquisition of free beads fibers with a negatively charged surface and a high hydrophobicity membrane.
- The performance of the PMR exceeds the conventional MD, thus allowing more water to be reused which is an important advantage from the economic and environmental points of view.
- Using the MD is preferable with high MB concentrations (i.e., and ) to obtain nearly pure permeate besides recovering dyes from the concentrate.
- Almost separation efficiency was achieved by operating the PMR at the investigated optimum conditions, which provides high-quality water and low-dyeing waste concentration suitable for discharge.
- Photodegradation of MB on behaves similarly to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols | |
Membrane area () | |
Initial feed concentration () | |
Permeate concentration ( | |
Permeate flux () | |
Pseudo-first-order rate constant () | |
Pseudo-second-order rate constant | |
Molecular weight () | |
Permeate mass () | |
Calculated adsorption capacity | |
Equilibrium adsorption capacity | |
Adsorption capacity at time | |
Correlation coefficient | |
Sampling time () | |
Greek letters | |
Dye removal efficiency () | |
Abbreviations | |
Silver | |
Air Gap Membrane distillation | |
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane | |
Cadmium Sulfide | |
Cerium Dioxide | |
Direct Contact Membrane Distillation | |
N-Dimethyl Acetamide | |
Dimethyl Acetamide-Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Graphene Oxide | |
Ferric Oxide | |
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer | |
Potassium Chloride | |
Potassium Hydroxide | |
MB | Methylene Blue |
MD | Membrane Distillation |
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation | |
Poly-methyl Methacrylate | |
Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors | |
Poly-Vinylidene Flouride | |
Poly-Vinyl Propylene | |
Scanning Electron Microscope | |
Sweep Gas Membrane Distillation | |
Titanium Dioxide | |
Trifluoro Ethylene | |
Ultraviolet | |
Vacuum Membrane Distillation | |
Vanadium Oxide | |
Tungsten Trioxide | |
X-Ray Diffraction | |
Zinc Oxide | |
ZnS | Zinc Sulfide |
Zirconium Dioxide |
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Membrane | Additives | Pollutant | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Fabrication Method | Type | Conc. | Type | Conc. | |
PVDF | Phase immersion | (: ) 79 wt%:1 wt% | MB | [21] | ||
PVDF/PMMA | Phase inversion | MB | 10 µmol/L | [22] | ||
PVDF-TrFE | Solvent casting | MB | [23] | |||
PVDF-PVP | Electrospinning | MB | [24] | |||
PVDF | Electrospinning | MB | [25] | |||
PVDF | Coextrusion | MB | [26] | |||
PVDF | Coextrusion | TiO2/MWCNTs | TiO2/MWCNTs 10 wt% TiO2/MWCNTs 20 wt% TiO2/MWCNTs 30 wt% TiO2/MWCNTs 40 wt% | MB | [26] | |
PVDF | Phase inversion | MB | [27] | |||
PVDF | Purchased | (TiO2:ZnO) 1:1 (TiO2:ZnO) 1:3 (TiO2:ZnO) 1:5 | MB | [28] | ||
PVDF | Phase inversion | 0.1 g 0.2 g 0.5 g | MB | [29] | ||
PVDF | Dip coating | MB | [30] | |||
PVDF | Dip coating | Titanium isopropoxide | MB | [31] | ||
PVDF | Nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS)-immersion precipitation inversion | () : () : () : () : | MB | 10 mg/L | [32] | |
PVDF | Phase inversion | 0 vol% 6 vol% 12 vol% 21 vol% | MB | 0.01 mmo/L | [33] |
Electrospinning Voltage | |
Flow rate | |
Spinneret speed | |
Cleaning frequency | |
Cleaning interval | |
Spinning distance |
MB Concentration (ppm) | Percentage of Dye Removal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(MD) | ||||
After 1 h | ||||
After 2 h | ||||
After 3 h | ||||
After 4 h | ||||
Optimum Conditions | Rate Law | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-First-Order Kinetic Model | Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model | ||||||||
Operating Conditions | Type of Photocatalytic Reactor | ||
---|---|---|---|
PMR | WWPR | TR | |
Photocatalyst | |||
Photocatalyst loading () | |||
Initial MB concentration () | |||
Operating time () | |||
Removal | 100 | 89.5 | 74 |
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Share and Cite
Zeitoun, Z.; El-Shazly, A.H.; Nosier, S.; Elmarghany, M.R.; Salem, M.S.; Taha, M.M. Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment. Membranes 2020, 10, 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100276
Zeitoun Z, El-Shazly AH, Nosier S, Elmarghany MR, Salem MS, Taha MM. Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment. Membranes. 2020; 10(10):276. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100276
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeitoun, Zeyad, Ahmed H. El-Shazly, Shaaban Nosier, Mohamed R. Elmarghany, Mohamed S. Salem, and Mahmoud M. Taha. 2020. "Performance Evaluation and Kinetic Analysis of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor in Wastewater Treatment" Membranes 10, no. 10: 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100276