Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Laboratory Result
3.3. Logistic Regression
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | HZ 1 | Non-HZ | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
N | 47 | 47 | |
Age (years) | 59.11 ± 13.78 | 56.79 ± 13.75 | 0.416 |
Sex (female, %) | 21 (45.6) | 21 (45.6) | >0.999 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 21.96 ± 3.16 | 22.44 ± 3.28 | 0.478 |
Comorbidities (n, %) | |||
Cardiovascular disease | 43, (91.49) | 37, (78.72) | 0.146 |
Diabetes mellitus | 9, (19.15) | 7, (14.89) | 0.583 |
Respiratory disease | 16, (34.04) | 16, (34.04) | >0.999 |
Neoplasm | 1, (2.13) | 0 | >0.999 |
CKD etiology (n, %) | |||
Diabetic nephropathy | 6, (12.77) | 5, (10.64) | 0.748 |
Ischemic/hypertensive nephropathy | 11, (23.40) | 8, (17.02) | 0.441 |
Chronic glomerulonephritis | 22, (46.81) | 25, (53.19) | 0.536 |
Other/unknown | 9, (19.15) | 9, (19.15) | >0.999 |
Previous intervention (n, %) | |||
Immunosuppressants | 18, (38.30) | 4, (8.51) | 0.0012 ** |
Dialysis therapy | 33, (70.21) | 22, (46.81) | 0.021 * |
CKD stage (n, %) | 0.859 | ||
I | 0 | 0 | |
II | 6, (12.77) | 5, (10.64) | |
III | 7, (14.89) | 7, (14.89) | |
Ⅳ | 6, (12.77) | 9, (19.15) | |
Ⅴ | 28, (59.57) | 26, (55.32) | |
Anatomical site of zoster (n, %) | |||
Trigeminal | 6, (12.77) | ||
Truncal | 29, (61.70) | ||
Upper/lower extremity | 12, (25.53) | ||
Site unspecified | 4, (8.51) | ||
Short-term complication of HZ (n, %) | |||
Co-infection | 16, (34.04) | ||
Ophthalmic complication | 0 | ||
Disseminated HZ | 2, (4.26) | ||
Neurologic complication | 0 |
Laboratory Indicators | HZ | Non-HZ | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
White blood cell count, 109/L | 6.38 ± 2.40 | 7.54 ± 2.75 | 0.032 * |
Neutrophil count, 109/L | 4.84 ± 2.18 | 5.64 ± 2.63 | 0.114 |
Lymphocyte count, 109/L | 0.93 ± 0.49 | 1.25 ± 0.51 | 0.003 ** |
Eosnophils count, 109/L | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.49 | 0.422 |
Basophil count, 109/L | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.072 |
Monocyte count, 109/L | 0.44 ± 0.26 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.701 |
Platelet count, 109/L | 173.55 ± 85.24 | 179.76 ± 69.56 | 0.701 |
Red blood cell count, 1012/L | 3.08 ± 0.76 | 3.08 ± 0.85 | 0.963 |
Hb (g/L) | 93.70 ± 22.75 | 92.81 ± 25.51 | 0.858 |
Hematocrit (%) | 28.88 ± 6.71 | 28.68 ± 7.49 | 0.891 |
Neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio (%) | 6.93 ± 5.41 | 5.51 ± 4.35 | 0.164 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 21.59 ± 45.38 | 14.72 ± 35.44 | 0.576 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h) | 40.43 ± 26.93 | 48.77 ± 33.30 | 0.233 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.37 ± 2.05 | 5.29 ± 1.69 | 0.831 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.99 ± 0.97 | 0.72 ± 1.66 | 0.598 |
Serum albumin (g/L) | 31.82 ± 6.10 | 33.84 ± 6.64 | 0.126 |
Serum globulin (g/L) | 25.02 ± 6.08 | 24.91 ± 4.77 | 0.925 |
Ratio of albumin to globulin | 1.34 ± 0.39 | 1.39 ± 0.36 | 0.486 |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 18.51 ± 13.36 | 18.84 ± 13.89 | 0.907 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 20.26 ± 15.35 | 21.67 ± 10.08 | 0.616 |
Total bilirubin (umol/L) | 7.60 ± 5.21 | 8.52 ± 5.52 | 0.415 |
Direct bilirubin (umol/L) | 2.38 ± 3.28 | 2.17 ± 2.16 | 0.728 |
Total bile acid (umol/L) | 4.97 ± 5.64 | 3.68 ± 2.88 | 0.177 |
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.13 ± 0.76 | 2.27 ± 1.11 | 0.490 |
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.17 ± 0.40 | 1.28 ± 0.50 | 0.227 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.49 ± 1.23 | 4.56 ± 1.77 | 0.831 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.19 ± 1.84 | 1.81 ± 2.05 | 0.356 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 32.74 ± 76.42 | 20.60 ± 10.24 | 0.286 |
Covariates | Not Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Immunosuppresants | 5.667 (1.661~19.336) | 0.006 ** | 10.861 (2.092~56.392) | 0.005 ** |
Dialysis therapy | 2.375 (1.040~5.425) | 0.040 * | 3.293 (1.047~10.355) | 0.041 * |
White blood cell count | 0.825 (0.690~0.986) | 0.034 * | 0.830 (0.645~1.068) | 0.148 |
Lymphocyte count | 0.299 (0.118~0.758) | 0.011 * | 0.579 (0.178~1.878) | 0.362 |
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Li, Z.; Wang, Q.; Ma, J.; Li, Z.; Huang, D.; Huang, Y.; Zhou, H. Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090963
Li Z, Wang Q, Ma J, Li Z, Huang D, Huang Y, Zhou H. Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9(9):963. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090963
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhenxing, Qiao Wang, Jiahui Ma, Zhi Li, Dong Huang, Yuzhao Huang, and Haocheng Zhou. 2021. "Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study" Vaccines 9, no. 9: 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090963
APA StyleLi, Z., Wang, Q., Ma, J., Li, Z., Huang, D., Huang, Y., & Zhou, H. (2021). Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study. Vaccines, 9(9), 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090963