A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review Approach
3. Tick Vaccine Research
3.1. Cattle Tick
3.1.1. CSIRO Research~1979–2010
3.1.2. UQ Research~1988–1999
3.1.3. Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies (Beef CRC) 2005–2012; Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) 2014–2021
3.2. Paralysis Tick
3.2.1. CSIRO Research 1980s
3.2.2. University of Technology Sydney (UTS) Research 1990s
3.2.3. UQ Research 2000s
3.3. Australian Researchers (Deceased) Who Made Significant Impacts into Tick Vaccine Research
3.3.1. Sir Dr Ian Clunies Ross (1899–1959)
3.3.2. Dr Bernard F. Stone (1926–2005) (Marian Schneid, Personal Communication)
3.3.3. Dr David H. Kemp (1940–2007) (Dr Anne Kemp, Personal Communication)
3.4. Current Status of Global Cattle Tick Vaccine Research
3.4.1. Bm86 and Subolesin
3.4.2. Aquaporin
3.4.3. 60S Acidic Ribosomal Peptide P0
3.4.4. Ferritin-2
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Barker, S.C.; Walker, A.R.; Campelo, D. A list of the 70 species of Australian ticks diagnostic guides to and species accounts of Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick), Ixodes cornuatus (southern paralysis tick) and Rhipicephalus australis (Australian cattle tick); and consideration of the place of Australia in the evolution of ticks with comments on four controversial ideas. Int. J. Parasitol. 2014, 44, 941–953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burger, T.D.; Shao, R.; Barker, S.C. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences indicates that the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, contains a cryptic species. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2014, 76, 241–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Low, V.L.; Tay, S.T.; Kho, K.L.; Koh, F.X.; Tan, T.K.; Lim, Y.A.L.; Ong, B.L.; Panchadcharam, C.; Norma-Rashid, Y.; Sofian-Azirun, M. Molecular characterisation of the tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Malaysia: New insights into the cryptic diversity and distinct genetic assemblages throughout the world. Parasit. Vectors 2015, 8, 341–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Encinosa Guzmán, P.E.; Fernández Cuétara, C.; Cano Argüelles, A.L.; Fuentes Castillo, A.; García Martínez, Y.; Rodríguez Fernández, R.; Fernández Afonso, Y.; Bello Soto, Y.; González Alfaro, Y.; Méndez, L.; et al. Characterization of two Cuban colonies of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2021, 25, 100591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanduma, E.G.; Emery, D.; Githaka, N.W.; Nguu, E.K.; Bishop, R.P.; Šlapeta, J. Molecular evidence confirms occurrence of Rhipicephalus microplus Clade A in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit. Vectors 2020, 13, 432–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gee, G.F. The Economic Importance of Cattle Tick in Australia; Bureau of Agricultural Economics: Canberra, Australia, 1959.
- Lew-Tabor, A.E.; Rodriguez Valle, M. A review of reverse vaccinology approaches for the development of vaccines against ticks and tick borne diseases. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2016, 7, 573–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sackett, D.; Holmes, P.; Abbott, K.; Jephcott, S.; Barber, M. Assessing the Economic Cost of Endemic Disease on the Profitability of Australia Beef Cattle and Sheep Producers; Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, Australia, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Ajmone-Marsan, P.; Garcia, J.F.; Lenstra, J.A. On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became cattle and colonized the world. Evol. Anthr. Issues News Rev. 2010, 19, 148–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuller, C. Notes on the Queensland cattle tick and its relationship to the red water tick and the blue tick of Cape Colony (South Africa). QLD Agric. J. 1899, 4, 389–394. [Google Scholar]
- Estrada-Pena, A.; Venzal, J.M.; Nava, S.; Mangold, A.; Guglielmone, A.; Labruna, M.B.; de la Fuente, J. Reinstatement of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis (Acari: Ixodidae) with redescription of the adult and larval stages. J. Med. Entomol. 2012, 49, 794–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barker, S.; Murrell, A. Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. Parasitology 2004, 129, S15–S36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jackson, J.; Beveridge, I.; Chilton, N.B.; Andrews, R.H. Distributions of the paralysis ticks Ixodes cornuatus and Ixodes holocyclus in south-eastern Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 2007, 85, 420–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neumann, G. Revision de la Famille des Ixodides. In Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France; Au Siege de la Société: Paris, France, 1899; pp. 107–294. [Google Scholar]
- Mans, B.J.; Neitz, A.W.H. Adaptation of ticks to a blood-feeding environment: Evolution from a functional perspective. Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2004, 34, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Valle, M.; Moolhuijzen, P.; Barrero, R.A.; Ong, C.T.; Busch, G.; Karbanowicz, T.; Booth, M.; Clark, R.; Koehbach, J.; Ijaz, H.; et al. Transcriptome and toxin family analysis of the paralysis tick, Ixodes Holocyclus. Int. J. Parasitol. 2018, 48, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stone, B.; Aylward, J. Tick toxicoses and the causal toxins: Tick paralysis. In Progress in Venom and Toxin Reseach. Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins; National University of Singapore: Singapore, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Kemp, D.H.; Pearson, R.D.; Gough, J.M.; Willadsen, P. Vaccination against Boophilus microplus: Localization of antigens on tick gut cells and their interaction with the host immune system. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1989, 7, 43–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maruyama, S.R.; Garcia, G.R.; Teixeira, F.R.; Brandão, L.G.; Andersen, J.M.; Ribeiro, J.M.C.; Valenzuela, J.G.; Horackova, J.; Veríssimo, C.J.; Katiki, L.M.; et al. Mining a differential sialotranscriptome of Rhipicephalus microplus guides antigen discovery to formulate a vaccine that reduces tick infestations. Parasit. Vectors 2017, 10, 206–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stone, B.F.; Neish, A.L.; Wright, I.G. Immunization of rabbits to produce high serum titres of neutralizing antibodies and immunity to the paralyzing toxin of Ixodes Holocyclus. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1982, 60 Pt 4, 351–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kemp, D.H.; Agbede, R.I.; Johnston, L.A.; Gough, J.M. Immunization of cattle against Boophilus microplus using extracts derived from adult female ticks: Feeding and survival of the parasite on vaccinated cattle. Int. J. Parasitol. 1986, 16, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rand, K.N.; Moore, T.; Sriskantha, A.; Spring, K.; Tellam, R.; Willadsen, P.; Cobon, G.S. Cloning and expression of a protective antigen from the cattle tick Boophilus Microplus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86, 9657–9661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Willadsen, P. The Development of a New or Improved Vaccine against Boophilus Microplus: Opportunities for R&D Investment; Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, Australia, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Opdebeeck, J.P.; Wong, J.Y.; Jackson, L.A.; Dobson, C. Hereford cattle immunized and protected against Boophilus microplus with soluble and membrane-associated antigens from the midgut of ticks. Parasite Immunol. 1988, 10, 405–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jackson, L.A.; Opdebeeck, J.P. Humoral immune responses of Hereford cattle vaccinated with midgut antigens of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Parasite Immunol. 1990, 12, 141–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tabor, A.; Rodriguez Valle, M.; McGowan, M.; Mayer, D.; Fowler, E.; Minchin, M.; Zhang, B. Cattle Vaccination Studies Using Novel Anti-Cattle Tick Antigens Developed during Beef CRC Research; B.AHE.0212 Final Report; Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, Australia, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Stone, B.F.; Neish, A.L. Tick-paralysis toxoid: An effective immunizing agent against the toxin of Ixodes Holocyclus. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1984, 62 Pt 2, 189–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F.; Commins, M.A.; Kemp, D.H. Artificial feeding of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. Int. J. Parasitol. 1983, 13, 447–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F.; Cowie, M.R.; Kerr, J.D.; Binnington, K.C. Improved toxin/antitoxin assays for studies on the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes Holocyclus. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1982, 60, 309–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wright, I.G.; Stone, B.F.; Neish, A.L. Tick (Ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog—Induction of immunity by injection of toxin. Aust. Vet. J. 1983, 60, 69–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thurn, M.J.; Gooley, A.; Broady, K.W. Identification of the neurotoxin from the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 1992, 30, 557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masina, S.; Broady, K.W. Tick paralysis: Development of a vaccine. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999, 29, 535–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trager, W. Acquired immunity to ticks. J. Parasitol. 1939, 25, 57–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, J.R.; Humphreys, S.J. Immunisation of guinea pigs and cattle against ticks. Nature 1979, 280, 491–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willadsen, P.; Bird, P.; Cobon, G.S.; Hungerford, J. Commercialisation of a recombinant vaccine against Boophilus Microplus. Parasitology 1995, 110, S43–S50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tellam, R.L.; Smith, D.; Kemp, D.H.; Willadsen, P. Vaccination against ticks. In Animal Parasite Control Utilizing Biotechnology; Yong, W.K., Ed.; CRC Press Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1992; pp. 303–331. [Google Scholar]
- García-García, J.C.; Gonzalez, I.L.; González, D.M.; Valdés, M.; Méndez, L.; Lamberti, J.; D’Agostino, B.; Citroni, D.; Fragoso, H.; Ortiz, M.; et al. Sequence variations in the Boophilus microplus Bm86 locus and implications for immunoprotection in cattle vaccinated with this antigen. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1999, 23, 883–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cobon, G.S. An anti-arthropod vaccine: TickGARD—A vaccine to prevent cattle tick infestations. In New Generation Vaccines; Levine, M.M., Woodrow, G.C., Kaper, J.B., Cobon, G.S., Eds.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA; Basel, Switzerland; Hong Kong, China, 1997; pp. 1145–1151. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez, M.; Rubiera, R.; Penichet, M.; Montesinos, R.; Cremata, J.; Falcón, V.; Sánchez, G.; Bringas, R.; Cordovés, C.; Mario Valdés, M.; et al. High level expression of the B. microplus Bm86 antigen in the yeast Pichia pastoris forming highly immunogenic particles for cattle. J. Biotechnol. 1994, 33, 135–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montesino, R.; Cremata, J.; Rodriguez, M.; Besada, V.; Falcon, V.; de la Fuente, J. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant Boophilus microplus Bm86 antigen expressed by transformed Pichia pastoris cells. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1996, 23, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Canales, M.; Almazán, C.; Naranjo, V.; Jongejan, F.; de la Fuente, J. Vaccination with recombinant Boophilus annulatus Bm86 ortholog protein, Ba86, protects cattle against B. annulatus and B. microplus infestations. BMC Biotechnol. 2009, 9, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Patarroyo, J.H.; Portela, R.W.; De Castro, R.O.; Couto Pimentel, J.; Guzman, F.; Patarroyo, M.E.; Vargas, M.I.; Prates, A.A.; Dias Mendes, M.A. Immunization of cattle with synthetic peptides derived from the Boophilus microplus gut protein (Bm86). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2002, 88, 163–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schetters, T.; Bishop, R.; Crampton, M.; Kopáček, P.; Lew-Tabor, A.; Maritz-Olivier, C.; Miller, R.; Mosqueda, J.; Patarroyo, J.; Rodriguez-Valle, M.; et al. Cattle tick vaccine researchers join forces in CATVAC. Parasit. Vectors 2016, 9, 105–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Freeman, J.M.; Davey, R.B.; Kappmeyer, L.S.; Kammlah, D.M.; Olafson, P.U. Bm86 midgut protein sequence variation in South Texas cattle fever ticks. Parasit. Vectors 2010, 3, 101–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cunha, R.C.; Pérez de León, A.A.; Leite, F.P.; Pinto Lda, S.; Dos Santos Júnior, A.G.; Andreotti, R. Bovine immunoprotection against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with recombinant Bm86-Campo Grande antigen. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2012, 21, 254–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andreotti, R.; Pedroso, M.S.; Caetano, A.R.; Martins, N.F. Comparison of predicted binders in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus intestine protein variants Bm86 Campo Grande strain, Bm86 and Bm95. Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 2008, 17, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Willadsen, P.; Kemp, D.H. Vaccination with ‘concealed’ antigens for tick control. Parasitol. Today 1988, 4, 196–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riding, G.A.; Jarmey, J.; McKenna, R.V.; Pearson, R.; Cobon, G.S.; Willadsen, P. A protective “concealed” antigen from Boophilus microplus. Purification, localization, and possible function. J. Immunol. 1994, 153, 5158–5166. [Google Scholar]
- Willadsen, P.; Smith, D.O.N.; Cobon, G.; McKenna, R.V. Comparative vaccination of cattle against Boophilus microplus with recombinant antigen Bm86 alone or in combination with recombinant Bm91. Parasit. Immunol. 1996, 18, 241–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarmey, J.M.; Riding, G.A.; Pearson, R.D.; Mckenna, R.V.; Willadsen, P. Carboxydipeptidase from Boophilus microplus: A “concealed” antigen with similarity to angiotensin-converting enzyme. Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995, 25, 969–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenna, R.V.; Riding, G.A.; Jarmey, J.M.; Pearson, R.D.; Willadsen, P. Vaccination of cattle against the Boophilus microplus using a mucin-like membrane glycoprotein. Parasit. Immunol. 1998, 20, 325–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tellam, R.L.; Kemp, D.; Riding, G.; Briscoe, S.; Smith, D.; Sharp, P.; Irving, D.; Willadsen, P. Reduced oviposition of Boophilus microplus feeding on sheep vaccinated with vitellin. Vet. Parasitol. 2002, 103, 141–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hope, M.; Jiang, X.; Gough, J.; Cadogan, L.; Josh, P.; Jonsson, N.; Wiladsen, P. Experimental vaccination of sheep and cattle against tick infestation using recombinant 5′-nucleotidase. Parasitol. Immunol. 2010, 32, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, M.; Guerrero, F.D.; Pertea, G.; Nene, V.M. Global comparative analysis of ESTs from the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus. BMC Genom. 2007, 8, 368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lew-Tabor, A.E.; Moolhuijzen, P.M.; Vance, M.E.; Kurscheid, S.; Valle, M.R.; Jarrett, S.; Minchin, C.M.; Jackson, L.A.; Jonsson, N.N.; Bellgard, M.I.; et al. Suppressive subtractive hybridization analysis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus larval and adult transcript expression during attachment and feeding. Vet. Parasitol. 2010, 167, 304–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Valle, M.; Lew-Tabor, A.; Gondro, C.; Moolhuijzen, P.; Vance, M.; Guerrero, F.D.; Bellgard, M.; Jorgensen, W. Comparative microarray analysis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus expression profiles of larvae pre-attachment and feeding adult female stages on Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. BMC Genom. 2010, 11, 437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piper, E.K.; Jonsson, N.N.; Gondro, C.; Vance, M.E.; Lew-Tabor, A.; Jackson, L.A. Peripheral cellular and humoral responses to infestation with the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Santa Gertrudis cattle. Parasit. Immunol. 2017, 39, e12402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lew-Tabor, A.E.; Bruyeres, A.G.; Zhang, B.; Rodriguez Valle, M. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick in vitro feeding methods for functional (dsRNA) and vaccine candidate (antibody) screening. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014, 5, 500–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, I.C. An experimental study of tick paralysis in Australia. Parasitology 1926, 18, 410–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oxer, D.T.; Ricardo, C.L. Notes on the biology, toxicity and breeding of Ixodes holocyclus (Neumann). Aust. Vet. J. 1942, 18, 194–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaire, G.H. Isolation of tick paralysis toxin from Ixodes Holocyclus. Toxicon 1966, 4, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mans, B.J.; Gothe, R.; Neitz, A.W.H. Biochemical perspectives on paralysis and other forms of toxicoses caused by ticks. Parasitology 2004, 129, S95–S111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pienaar, R.; Neitz, A.W.H.; Mans, B.J. Tick paralysis: Solving an enigma. Vet. Sci. 2018, 5, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gothe, R.; Kunze, K.; Hoogstraal, H. The mechanisms of pathogenicity in the tick paralyses. J. Med. Entomol. 1979, 16, 357–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stone, B.F.; Neish, A.L.; Wright, I.G. Tick (Ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog—Quantitative studies on immunity following artificial infestation with the tick. Aust. Vet. J. 1983, 60, 65–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F.; Doube, B.M.; Binnington, K.C.; Goodger, B.V. Toxins of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. In Recent Advances in Acarology; Rodriguez, J.G., Ed.; Academic Press: Massachusetts, MA, USA, 1979; pp. 347–356. [Google Scholar]
- Stone, B.F.; Uren, M.F.; Neish, A.L.; Morrison, J.J. Toxoid stimulation in dogs of high titres of neutralising antibodies against holocyclotoxin, the paralysing toxin of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes Holocyclus. Aust. Vet. J. 1986, 63, 125–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, I. Tick paralysis: A fatal disease of dogs and other animals in Eastern Australia. J. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Aust. 1935, 8, 8–13. [Google Scholar]
- Ross, I.C. The bionomics of Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, with a redescription of the adult and nymphal stages and a description of the Larvae. Parasitology 1924, 16, 365–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon, H. Ian Clunies Ross his publications and the enduring influence of his work. Aust. Vet. J. 1968, 44, 471–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F. Parthenogenesis in the cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus. Nature 1963, 200, 1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F.; Binnington, M.; Gauci, M.; Aylward, J.H. Tick/host interactions for Ixodes holocyclus: Role, effects, biosynthesis and nature of its toxic and allergenic oral secretions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1989, 7, 59–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, B.F.; Youlton, N.J. Inheritance of resistance to chlorpyrifos in the Mt Alford strain and to diazinon in the Gracemere strain of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1982, 35, 427–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stone, B.F.; Nolan, J.; Schuntner, C.A. Biochemical genetics of resistance to organophosphorus acaricides in three strains of the cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1976, 29, 265–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schnitzerling, H.J.; Stone, B.F. Loss of toxicity to cattle ticks of a wettable powder formulation of coumaphos. Aust. Vet. J. 1968, 44, 7–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gough, J.M.; Kemp, D.H. Localization of a low abundance membrane protein (Bm86) on the gut cells of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus by immunogold labeling. J. Parasitol. 1993, 79, 900–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, J.R.; Kemp, D.H. Observations on the behaviour of Dermacentor andersoni larvae infesting normal and tick resistant guinea-pigs. Parasitology 1982, 84 Pt 2, 195–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, J.R.; Doube, B.M.; Kemp, D.H. Histology of bovine skin reactions to Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1977, 41, 26–35. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kemp, D.H.; Bird, P.E. Paralysis of calves by the tick, Ixodes Holocyclus. Aust. Vet. J. 1977, 53, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gough, J.M.; Kemp, D.H.; Akhurst, R.J.; Pearson, R.D.; Kongsuwan, K. Identification and characterization of proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis with high toxic activity against the sheep blowfly, Lucilia Cuprina. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2005, 90, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paine, S.H.; Kemp, D.H.; Allen, J.R. In vitro feeding of Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles): Effects of histamine and other mediators. Parasitology 1983, 86 Pt 3, 419–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allingham, P.G.; East, I.J.; Kerlin, R.L.; Kemp, D.H. Digestion of host immunoglobulin and activity of midgut proteases in the buffalo fly Haematobia irritans exigua. J. Insect Physiol. 1998, 44, 445–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabor, A.E. The enigma of identifying new cattle tick vaccine antigens. In Tick and Tick-Borne Pathogens; InTechOpen: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Schetters, T.P.M.; Jansen, T. Vaccine Against Rhipicephalus Ticks. WO2014154847A1, 2 October 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Almazan, C.; Kocan, K.; Bergman, D.; Garcia-Garcia, J.; Blouin, E.; de la Fuente, J. Identification of protective antigens for the control of Ixodes scapularis infestations using cDNA expression library immunization. Vaccine 2003, 21, 1492–1501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merino, O.; Antunes, S.; Mosqueda, J.; Moreno-Cid, J.A.; Pérez de la Lastra, J.M.; Rosario-Cruz, R.; Rodríguez, S.; Domingos, A.; de la Fuente, J. Vaccination with proteins involved in tick–pathogen interactions reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection. Vaccine 2013, 31, 5889–5896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, J.; He, Q.-F. Bioinformatics analysis of the structure and linear B–cell epitopes of aquaporin–3 from Schistosoma japonicum. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2012, 5, 107–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guerrero, F.D.; Andreotti, R.; Bendele, K.G.; Cunha, R.C.; Miller, R.J.; Yeater, K.; Pérez de León, A.A. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus aquaporin as an effective vaccine antigen to protect against cattle tick infestations. Parasit. Vectors 2014, 7, 475–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rodríguez-Mallon, A.; Encinosa, P.E.; Méndez-Pérez, L.; Bello, Y.; Rodríguez Fernández, R.; Garay, H.; Cabrales, A.; Méndez, L.; Borroto, C.; Estrada, M.P. High efficacy of a 20 amino acid peptide of the acidic ribosomal protein P0 against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus Microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015, 6, 530–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gong, H.; Liao, M.; Zhou, J.; Hatta, T.; Huang, P.; Zhang, G.; Kanuka, H.; Nishikawa, Y.; Xuan, X.; Fujisaki, K. Gene silencing of ribosomal protein P0 is lethal to the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Vet. Parasitol. 2008, 151, 268–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hajdusek, O.; Almazán, C.; Loosova, G.; Villar, M.; Canales, M.; Grubhoffer, L.; Kopacek, P.; de la Fuente, J. Characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. Vaccine 2010, 28, 2993–2998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de la Fuente, J.; Estrada-Peña, A. Why new vaccines for the control of ectoparasite vectors have not been registered and commercialized? Vaccines 2019, 7, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Target Species | Group | Outputs | References |
---|---|---|---|
Rhipicephalus australis | CSIRO | Demonstrated protection from challenge using crude gut extracts; Isolation of gut protein Bm86 and demonstrated protection from challenge using native protein; Patent filing in 1985/1986, followed by commercial development and release of TickGARD® (1994) and TickGARD®PLUS (1995) | [21,22,23] |
UQ | Demonstrated protection from challenge using midgut membrane extracts; Demonstration that gut membrane extracts are protective compared to soluble antigens; Showed that IgG1 and complement antibodies correlated with protection | [24,25] | |
Beef CRC/MLA | Reverse vaccinology pipeline was developed to identify novel tick vaccine antigens; Full patents filed February 2018; Antigens under Intellectual Property protection, data unpublished | [7,26] | |
Ixodes holocyclus | CSIRO | Developed paralysis tick toxoid for anti-toxin activity demonstrated in rabbits; Artificial feeding methods for the collection of paralysing toxin; Development of a suckling mouse toxin/anti-toxin assay; Protection shown in dogs | [15,27,28,29,30] |
University of Technology Sydney | Isolated three polypeptides bound to synaptosomes; Successfully sequenced and expressed holocyclotoxin-1 (HT-1) in E. coli | [31,32] | |
UQ | Transcriptome sequence database prepared from feeding adult female tick guts and salivary glands; Based on HT-1 homology, a diverse family of 19 HTs was identified; Proof of concept dog trial with a cocktail of synthetic HTs; Full patent submitted October 2017; Data unpublished | [16] |
R. microplus Isolate | Sequence Difference | Efficacy | References |
---|---|---|---|
R. australis Indooroopilly Y (Australia) | 0% | 89% | [36] |
R. microplus Tuxpan (Mexico) | 5.7% | 51% | [37] |
R. microplus Mora (Mexico) | 8.6% | 58% | [37] |
R. microplus (Mexico) | 3.3% | 89% | [38] 1 |
R. microplus (Argentina) | 1.6% | 10% | [37] |
R. microplus Camcord GAVAC strain (Cuba) | 0.2% | 84% | [39,40,41] |
R. microplus (Columbia) | unpublished | 81% | [42] |
R. microplus Texas (USA) | 10.2% | 50–65% | [43,44] |
R. microplus Campo Grande (Brazil) | 3.5% | 31% | [45,46] |
Antigen Description | Testing Regime | Published Efficacy | References |
---|---|---|---|
Bm91/Angiotensin-converting enzyme-like/Carboxypeptidase | Bm86 + Bm91, tested in cattle | 7% reduction in egg viability | [48,49,50] |
BMA7/Mucin-like glycoprotein | BMA7; Bm86+BMA7, tested in cattle | 21% reduction in egg weights; doubled efficacy when mixed with Bm86 | [51] |
GP80/VIT87 Vitellin/Vitellogenin | Tested in sheep | 66–68% reduction in tick larvae (native protein); 0% efficacy (recombinant) | [52] |
5′ nucleotidase/Apyrase | 5′ nucleotidase; Bm86 + 5′ nucleotidase, tested in sheep and cattle | No efficacy (cattle) | [53] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tabor, A.E. A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091030
Tabor AE. A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research. Vaccines. 2021; 9(9):1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091030
Chicago/Turabian StyleTabor, Ala E. 2021. "A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research" Vaccines 9, no. 9: 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091030
APA StyleTabor, A. E. (2021). A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research. Vaccines, 9(9), 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091030