Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Definition of Post-COVID Syndrome
4. Classification of Post-COVID Syndrome
5. Clinical Manifestations
6. Pathogenesis of Post-COVID Syndrome
7. Future Challenges—Implications for Research
8. Limitations
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Becker et al. [18] (COVID-19 Clinic of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 | Type 5 | |||
Initial symptoms | Variable a | Mild | A | B | A | B | None |
Mild | Mild | None | None | ||||
Duration of symptoms | Variable a | >6 weeks | 3–6 months | >6 months | Variable | Variable | N/A |
Period of quiescence | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | N/A |
Delayed onset of symptoms | No | No | No | Yes ≥3 months | Yes ≥6 months | Yes | |
Amenta et al. [22] (Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston) | |||||||
MIS: >3 weeks from suspected infection | |||||||
Persisting symptoms: >3 weeks from symptom onset | |||||||
Organ dysfunction: Time of hospital discharge (if >3 weeks after symptom onset) | |||||||
Fernández-de-las-Peñas et al. [23] (Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos) | |||||||
Transition Phase:Symptoms potentially associated with acute COVID-19: symptoms up to 4–5 weeks | |||||||
Phase 1:Acute post-COVID symptoms: symptoms from week 5 to week 12 | |||||||
Phase 2:Long post-COVID symptoms: symptoms from week 12 to week 24 | |||||||
Phase 3:Persistent post-COVID symptoms: symptoms lasting more than 24 weeks |
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Maltezou, H.C.; Pavli, A.; Tsakris, A. Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis. Vaccines 2021, 9, 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050497
Maltezou HC, Pavli A, Tsakris A. Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis. Vaccines. 2021; 9(5):497. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050497
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaltezou, Helena C., Androula Pavli, and Athanasios Tsakris. 2021. "Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis" Vaccines 9, no. 5: 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050497