Association between Influenza Vaccination and Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM Tests in the General Population of Katowice Region, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Influenza Vaccination in Last Year | Total 5479 | No 4576 (100) * | Yes 903 (100) * | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 2287 | 1895 (41.4) | 392 (43.4) | 0.2 1 |
Female | 3192 | 2681 (58.6) | 511 (56.6) | ||
Age (years) | 43.9 ± 16.8 | 43.1 ± 16.6 | 47.7 ± 17.6 | p < 0.0001 2 | |
Body Mass Index Overweight and obese | No | 2382 | 2001 (47.4) | 381 (46.0) | 0.4 1 |
Yes | 2669 | 2221 (52.6) | 448 (54.0) | ||
Contact with COVID-19 or quarantine | No | 3618 | 3035 (66.3) | 583 (64.6) | 0.3 1 |
Declared | 1861 | 1541 33.7) | 320 (35.4) | ||
Hypertension | No | 4138 | 3510 (76.7) | 628 (69.5) | p < 0.0001 1 |
Declared | 1341 | 1066 (23.3) | 275 (30.5) | ||
Diabetes | No | 5126 | 4294 (93.8) | 832 (92.1) | 0.06 1 |
Declared | 353 | 282 (6.2) | 71 (7.9) | ||
Chronic allergy | No | 4851 | 4071 (89.0) | 780 (86.4) | 0.03 1 |
Declared | 628 | 505 (11.0) | 123 (13.6) | ||
Autoimmune diseases | No | 5112 | 4266 (93.2) | 846 (93.7) | 0.6 1 |
Declared | 367 | 310 (6.8) | 57 (6.3) | ||
Comorbidity (two or more coexisting diseases) | No | 4714 | 3960 (86.5) | 754 (83.5) | 0.02 1 |
Declared | 765 | 616 (13.5) | 149 (16.5) |
Influenza Vaccination in Last Year | Total Study Group (N = 5479) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies IgG N (%) | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies IgM N (%) | |||||||
Neg | Ques | Pos | p Value | Neg | Ques | Pos | p Value | |
Yes 903 (100) | 753 (83.4) | 9 (1) | 141 (15.6) | <0.0001 | 842 (93.2) | 20 (2.2) | 41 (4.5) | 0.7 |
No or I do not know 4576 (100) | 3473 (75.9) | 94 (2.1) | 1009 (22.0) | 4237 (92.6) | 105 (2.3) | 234 (5.1) | ||
Male subjects (N = 2287) | ||||||||
Yes 392 (100) | 328 (83.7) | 1 (0.3) | 63 (16.0) | 0.0007 | 369 (94.1) | 5 (1.3) | 18 (4.6) | 0.6 |
No or I do not know 1895 (100) | 1449 (76.4) | 39 (2.1) | 407 (21.5) | 1774 (93.6) | 38 (2.0) | 83 (4.4) | ||
Female subjects (N = 3192) | ||||||||
Yes 511 (100) | 425 (83.2) | 8 (1.6) | 78 (15.2) | 0.0008 | 473 (92.5) | 15 (2.9) | 23 (4.5) | 0.5 |
No or I do not know 2681 (100) | 2024 (75.5) | 55 (2.0) | 602 (22.5) | 2463 (91.9) | 67 (2.5) | 151 (5.6) | ||
Subjects aged below 65 years (N = 4741) | ||||||||
Yes 721 (100) | 588 (81.6) | 9 (1.2) | 124 (17.2) | 0.0006 | 674 (93.5) | 15 (2.1) | 32 (4.4) | 0.9 |
No or I do not know 4020 (100) | 3016 (75) | 89 (2.2) | 915 (22.8) | 3739 (93) | 89 (2.2) | 192 (4.8) | ||
Subjects aged 65+ years (N = 681) | ||||||||
Yes 171 (100) | 155 (90.6) | 0 (0) | 16 (9.4) | 0.05 | 159 (93) | 5 (2.9) | 7 (4.1) | 0.2 |
No or I do not know 510 (100) | 425 (83.3) | 3 (0.6) | 82 (16.1) | 458 (89.8) | 13 (2.5) | 39 (7.7) | ||
Subjects with contact with COVID-19 or quarantine (N = 3618) | ||||||||
Yes (100) | 510 (87.5) | 4 (0.7) | 69 (11.8) | 0.004 | 552 (94.7) | 12 (2.1) | 19 (3.2) | 0.5 |
No or I do not know (100) | 2495 (82.2) | 57 (1.9) | 483 (15.9) | 2862 (94.3) | 50 (1.6) | 123 (4.1) | ||
Subject without contact with COVID-19 or quarantine (N = 1861) | ||||||||
Yes (100) | 243 (75.9) | 5 (1.6) | 72 (22.5) | p < 0.0001 | 290 (90.6) | 8 (2.5) | 22 (6.9) | 0.6 |
No or I do not know (100) | 978 (63.5) | 37 (2.4) | 526 (34.1) | 1375 (89.2) | 55 (3.6) | 111 (7.2) |
Classification Variable (Stratum) | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
IgG Antibodies (Positive vs. Nonpositive 1) | IgM Antibodies (Positive vs. Nonpositive 1) | |
Total population | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | 0.88 (0.62–1.23) |
Male | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 1.05 (0.60–1.73) |
Female | 0.62 (0.48–0.80) | 0.79 (0.49–1.21) |
Younger (<65 years) | 0.70 (0.57–0.86) | 0.93 (0.62–1.34) |
Older (65+ years) | 0.54 (0.29–0.93) | 0.51 (0.21–1.11) |
Overweight and obese | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | 0.74 (0.45–1.16) |
Declared previous contact with COVID-19 or quarantine | 0.56 (0.42–0.74) | 0.95 (0.58–1.50) |
Declared hypertension | 0.63 (0.43–0.91) | 0.66 (0.34–1.16) |
Declared diabetes | 0.34 (0.12–0.82) | 0.29 (0.02–1.52) |
Declared chronic allergy | 0.47 (0.26–0.82) | 0.18 (0.02–1.35) |
Declared autoimmune diseases | 0.19 (0.04–0.53) | 0.27 (0.01–1.36) |
Declared comorbidity (two or more coexisting diseases) | 0.54 (0.31–0.90) | 0.43 (0.13–1.10) |
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Kowalska, M.; Niewiadomska, E.; Barański, K.; Kaleta-Pilarska, A.; Brożek, G.; Zejda, J.E. Association between Influenza Vaccination and Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM Tests in the General Population of Katowice Region, Poland. Vaccines 2021, 9, 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050415
Kowalska M, Niewiadomska E, Barański K, Kaleta-Pilarska A, Brożek G, Zejda JE. Association between Influenza Vaccination and Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM Tests in the General Population of Katowice Region, Poland. Vaccines. 2021; 9(5):415. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050415
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska, Małgorzata, Ewa Niewiadomska, Kamil Barański, Angelina Kaleta-Pilarska, Grzegorz Brożek, and Jan Eugeniusz Zejda. 2021. "Association between Influenza Vaccination and Positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM Tests in the General Population of Katowice Region, Poland" Vaccines 9, no. 5: 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050415