Analysis of the Impact of Media Trust on the Public’s Motivation to Receive Future Vaccinations for COVID-19 Based on Protection Motivation Theory
Abstract
:1. Background
- Severity, which assesses the perceived negative consequences from a risk behavior.
- Vulnerability, which assesses the perceived likelihood of the individual being affected by Potential negative consequences.
- Intrinsic rewards, which assess the perceived positive physical and psychological effect from engaging in a risk behavior.
- Extrinsic rewards, which assess the perceived positive social reactions or consequences of engaging in the risk behavior.
- Self-efficacy, which perceived ability to adopt a protective behavior.
- Response efficacy, which assessed the effectiveness of the protective behavior in lessening the health threat.
- Response costs consist of the perceived social, monetary, personal, time and effort costs from adapting the protective.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Measures of Protection Motivation Theory
2.2.2. Media Trust for COVID-19
Trust in Traditional Media
Trust in Social Media
Trust in Interpersonal Communication
2.2.3. Other Related Information of COVID-19
External Reasons for Vaccine Hesitation
- (i).
- the existing Non-Pharmacological Intervention (NPI) is enough for protection;
- (ii).
- Safety and possible side effects;
- (iii).
- Complex appointment process;
- (iv).
- Limited by personal conditions (time and physical conditions),
Implementation of Other Protection Behaviors
Socio-Demographic Questions
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of PMT on Future Vaccination Intentions
4.2. Role of Media Trust of COVID-19 Vaccination
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures | Items | Response Scale |
---|---|---|
Severity | Item 1: Infection with COVID-19 would cause serious health problems. | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: Infection with COVID-19 would have a detrimental effect on mental health, leading to anxiety, fear, depression, and other negative emotions. | ||
Item 4: Infection with COVID-19 would have a severe impact on daily life. | ||
Item 5: Infection with COVID-19 would affect one’s or a family’s financial income. | ||
Vulnerability | Item 1: Possibility of acquiring COVID-19 when studying and working in the same space as an infected person. | 1 (not at all) to 5 (certain) |
Item 2: Possibility of acquiring COVID-19 if you use the same indoor air purification system as an infected person. | ||
Intrinsic rewards | Item 1: Not getting a COVID-19 jab can save people from possible adverse physical reactions. | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: No skin pain (from the injection) without getting COVID-19 jab | ||
Item 3: No side effects to worry about without getting COVID-19 jab. | ||
Item 4: Not getting a COVID-19 jab can save time and energy (no appointments, no queues). | ||
Extrinsic rewards | Item 1: Non-vaccination can prove good health (or stronger immune system). | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: Friends around me do not get vaccinated, and it would feel unusual for me to do so. | ||
Item 3: Non-vaccination can prove to others that I am brave. | ||
Item 4: Non-vaccination will show that I am sensible and not a follower. | ||
Item 5: Non-vaccination would show that I am reasonably knowledgeable (e.g., I know that the virus will mutate). | ||
Self-efficacy | Item 1: I will be vaccinated even if I test negative for COVID-19. | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: I will be vaccinated even if there are no new confirmed cases in my city. | ||
Item 3: I will get vaccinated even if people around me think it is unnecessary. | ||
Item 4: I will get vaccinated even if the vaccination facility is far from me. | ||
Item 5: I will get vaccinated even if I am busy with school or work. | ||
Response efficacy | Item 1: Vaccination is a very effective way to protect me against COVID-19. | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: Vaccination greatly reduces the risk of infection to my family and others around me. | ||
Item 3: Vaccination helps me to concentrate more on my studies, work, and life. | ||
Item 4: Vaccination helps to end the outbreak as soon as possible. | ||
Response costs | Item 1: Safety and possible side effects of vaccine. | 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) |
Item 2: Vaccination can be psychologically taxing. | ||
Item 3: Vaccine is also a virus will increase the risk of infection. | ||
Item 4: Vaccination will take time and effort. | ||
Vaccine motivation | Item 1: If a booster of COVID-19 vaccine is required in the future, will you get vaccinated? | 1 (never) to 5 (certain) |
Item 2: Would you get the “new” vaccine in the future if the virus mutates and government policy recommends it? |
Characteristics | N | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | male | 1114 | 53.10 |
female | 984 | 46.90 | |
Age group | 18–29 | 928 | 44.23 |
30–39 | 862 | 41.09 | |
40–49 | 238 | 11.34 | |
≥50 | 70 | 3.34 | |
Education level | High School and below | 180 | 8.58 |
Undergraduate | 1738 | 82.84 | |
Postgraduate and above | 180 | 8.58 | |
Marital status | unmarried | 799 | 38.08 |
married | 1299 | 61.92 | |
Monthly household income (RMB) | <2999 | 154 | 7.34 |
3000–4999 | 370 | 17.64 | |
5000–9999 | 678 | 32.32 | |
10,000–14,999 | 407 | 19.40 | |
≥15,000 | 489 | 23.31 | |
Past behavior | vaccinated | 860 | 40.99 |
unvaccinated | 1238 | 59.01 |
Characteristics | Trust in Traditional Media | Trust in Social Media | Trust in Interpersonal Communication | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | male | 4.08 ± 0.49 | 3.74 ± 0.53 | 2.89 ± 0.84 |
female | 4.08 ± 0.49 | 3.71 ± 0.54 | 2.86 ± 0.86 | |
t/H | −0.572 | −1.586 | −0.630 | |
p | 0.567 | 0.113 | 0.529 | |
Age group | 18–29 | 4.07 ± 0.47 | 3.70 ± 0.51 | 2.78 ± 0.86 |
30–39 | 4.10 ± 0.49 | 3.75 ± 0.55 | 2.92 ± 0.85 | |
40–49 | 4.04 ± 0.55 | 3.71 ± 0.57 | 3.05 ± 0.80 | |
≥50 | 4.10 ± 0.48 | 3.76 ± 0.51 | 3.16 ± 0.70 | |
F/H | 5.079 | 6.116 | 34.354 | |
p | 0.166 | 0.106 | 0.000 | |
Education level | High School and below | 4.00 ± 0.53 | 3.66 ± 0.58 | 2.94 ± 0.83 |
Undergraduate | 4.09 ± 0.49 | 3.73 ± 0.53 | 2.88 ± 0.85 | |
Postgraduate and above | 4.06 ± 0.47 | 3.71 ± 0.52 | 2.77 ± 0.91 | |
F/H | 6.052 | 2.678 | 4.741 | |
p | 0.048 | 0.262 | 0.093 | |
Marital status | unmarried | 4.04 ± 0.51 | 3.68 ± 0.53 | 2.76 ± 0.87 |
married | 4.11 ± 0.48 | 3.75 ± 0.54 | 2.95 ± 0.84 | |
t/H | 3.140 | 3.366 | 4.765 | |
p | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
Monthly household income (RMB) | <2999 | 4.05 ± 0.46 | 3.69 ± 0.51 | 2.81 ± 0.83 |
3000–4999 | 4.04 ± 0.52 | 3.68 ± 0.53 | 2.84 ± 0.85 | |
5000–9999 | 4.09 ± 0.47 | 3.70 ± 0.53 | 2.84 ± 0.86 | |
10,000–14,999 | 4.10 ± 0.49 | 3.78 ± 0.54 | 2.93 ± 0.88 | |
≥15,000 | 4.09 ± 0.50 | 3.75 ± 0.55 | 2.93 ± 0.83 | |
F/H | 5.072 | 11.635 | 7.718 | |
p | 0.280 | 0.020 | 0.102 | |
Past behavior | vaccinated | 4.05 ± 0.51 | 3.70 ± 0.55 | 2.86 ± 0.86 |
unvaccinated | 4.12 ± 0.47 | 3.75 ± 0.53 | 2.91 ± 0.85 | |
t/H | 9.382 | 4.074 | 2.240 | |
p | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.135 | |
Total | - | 4.08 ± 0.49 | 3.72 ± 0.54 | 2.88 ± 0.85 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Trust in traditional media | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
2. Trust in social media | 0.614 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||
3. Trust in interpersonal communication | 0.253 ** | 0.394 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
4. Advocation for NPI | −0.127 ** | −0.088 ** | −0.043 | 1 | |||||||||||||
5. Safety and side effects | −0.093 ** | −0.074 ** | −0.028 | 0.002 | 1 | ||||||||||||
6. Complex appointment process | 0.068 ** | 0.043 * | −0.001 | −0.156 ** | −0.325 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
7. Personal conditions | −0.003 | −0.007 | 0.011 | 0.004 | −0.137 ** | −0.013 | 1 | ||||||||||
8. Severity | 0.163 ** | 0.097 ** | 0.021 | −0.075 ** | 0.118 ** | −0.005 | 0.015 | 1 | |||||||||
9. Vulnerability | 0.026 | −0.002 | −0.004 | −0.002 | 0.092 ** | −0.012 | 0.051 * | 0.208 ** | 1 | ||||||||
10. Intrinsic rewards | −0.212 ** | −0.134 ** | −0.002 | 0.178 ** | 0.124 ** | −0.126 ** | 0.032 | −0.027 | 0.051 * | 1 | |||||||
11. Extrinsic rewards | −0.275 ** | −0.171 ** | 0.059 ** | 0.179 ** | 0.062 ** | −0.100 ** | 0.004 | −0.239 ** | −0.027 | 0.300 ** | 1 | ||||||
12. Response efficacy | 0.373 ** | 0.325 ** | 0.145 ** | −0.096 ** | −0.056 * | 0.072 ** | 0.007 | 0.255 ** | 0.036 | −0.177 ** | −0.320 ** | 1 | |||||
13. Response costs | −0.344 ** | −0.274 ** | −0.065 ** | 0.124 ** | 0.115 ** | −0.070 ** | 0.079 ** | −0.093 ** | 0.022 | 0.386 ** | 0.382 ** | −0.371 ** | 1 | ||||
14. Self-efficacy | 0.413 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.149 ** | −0.208 ** | −0.100 ** | 0.148 ** | −0.046 * | 0.156 ** | 0.027 | −0.369 ** | −0.342 ** | 0.496 ** | −0.537 ** | 1 | |||
15. Vaccine motivation | 0.341 ** | 0.261 ** | 0.063 ** | −0.185 ** | −0.143 ** | 0.215 ** | −0.027 | 0.123 ** | −0.022 | −0.315 ** | −0.336 ** | 0.391 ** | −0.381 ** | 0.552 ** | 1 | ||
16. Hand-washing | 0.236 ** | 0.231 ** | 0.152 ** | −0.084 ** | 0.019 | −0.037 | −0.012 | 0.107 ** | 0.072 ** | −0.106 ** | −0.048 * | 0.266 ** | −0.160 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.138 ** | 1 | |
17. Wearing a mask | 0.200 ** | 0.136 ** | 0.003 | −0.085 ** | 0.042 | −0.031 | −0.009 | 0.175 ** | 0.023 | −0.109 ** | −0.217 ** | 0.224 ** | −0.168 ** | 0.217 ** | 0.171 ** | 0.282 ** | 1 |
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Li, Z.; Sun, X. Analysis of the Impact of Media Trust on the Public’s Motivation to Receive Future Vaccinations for COVID-19 Based on Protection Motivation Theory. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121401
Li Z, Sun X. Analysis of the Impact of Media Trust on the Public’s Motivation to Receive Future Vaccinations for COVID-19 Based on Protection Motivation Theory. Vaccines. 2021; 9(12):1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121401
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zeming, and Xinying Sun. 2021. "Analysis of the Impact of Media Trust on the Public’s Motivation to Receive Future Vaccinations for COVID-19 Based on Protection Motivation Theory" Vaccines 9, no. 12: 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121401