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Volume 9
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10.3390/vaccines9101124
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Article

Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation

by
Sara Caucci
1,
Benedetta Corvaro
1,
Sofia Maria Luigia Tiano
1,
Anna Valenza
2,
Roberta Longo
1,
Katia Marinelli
2,
Monica Lucia Ferreri
2,
Patrik Spiridigliozzi
2,
Giovanna Salvoni
2,
Patrizia Bagnarelli
1,2 and
Stefano Menzo
1,2,*
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
2
Virology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2021, 9(10), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101124
Submission received: 11 August 2021 / Revised: 23 September 2021 / Accepted: 28 September 2021 / Published: 2 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Collection COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Vaccination)
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Abstract

After over one year of evolution, through billions of infections in humans, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a score of slightly divergent lineages. A few different amino acids in the spike proteins of these lineages can hamper both natural immunity against reinfection, and vaccine efficacy. In this study, the in vitro neutralizing potency of sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients and vaccinated subjects was analyzed against six different SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including the latest B.1.617.2 (or Delta variant), in order to assess the cross-neutralization by anti-spike antibodies. After both single dose vaccination, or natural infection, the neutralizing activity was low and fully effective only against the original lineage, while a double dose or a single dose of vaccine, even one year after natural infection, boosted the cross-neutralizing activity against different lineages. Neither binding, nor the neutralizing activity of sera after vaccination, could predict vaccine failure, underlining the need for additional immunological markers. This study points at the importance of the anamnestic response and repeated vaccine stimulations to elicit a reasonable cross-lineage neutralizing antibody response.
Keywords: COVID; SARS; neutralizing antibodies; BAU; anamnestic response; vaccine; vaccine dose COVID; SARS; neutralizing antibodies; BAU; anamnestic response; vaccine; vaccine dose

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MDPI and ACS Style

Caucci, S.; Corvaro, B.; Tiano, S.M.L.; Valenza, A.; Longo, R.; Marinelli, K.; Ferreri, M.L.; Spiridigliozzi, P.; Salvoni, G.; Bagnarelli, P.; et al. Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101124

AMA Style

Caucci S, Corvaro B, Tiano SML, Valenza A, Longo R, Marinelli K, Ferreri ML, Spiridigliozzi P, Salvoni G, Bagnarelli P, et al. Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation. Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101124

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caucci, Sara, Benedetta Corvaro, Sofia Maria Luigia Tiano, Anna Valenza, Roberta Longo, Katia Marinelli, Monica Lucia Ferreri, Patrik Spiridigliozzi, Giovanna Salvoni, Patrizia Bagnarelli, and et al. 2021. "Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation" Vaccines 9, no. 10: 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101124

APA Style

Caucci, S., Corvaro, B., Tiano, S. M. L., Valenza, A., Longo, R., Marinelli, K., Ferreri, M. L., Spiridigliozzi, P., Salvoni, G., Bagnarelli, P., & Menzo, S. (2021). Weak Cross-Lineage Neutralization by Anti SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies after Natural Infection or Vaccination Is Rescued by Repeated Immunological Stimulation. Vaccines, 9(10), 1124. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101124

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