Influence of the Viral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Homologue on Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) Growth, Histopathology and Pathogenicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Alignment of SOD Homologues
2.2. Construction of nLSDV∆SOD-UCT and nLSDVSODis-UCT
2.2.1. Isolation of nLSDV∆SOD-UCT
2.2.2. Isolation of nLSDVSODis-UCT
2.2.3. PCR Confirmation of Recombinants nLSDV∆SOD-UCT and nLSDVSODis-UCT
2.3. Growth Curves in MDBK Cells
2.4. Growth Curves on Chick Chorioallantoic Membranes (CAMs)
2.5. Histology of Chick CAMs
2.6. Testing of Vaccines in Cattle
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of LSDV SOD Homologues to Those from Selected Poxviruses, as Well as Human and Bovine SOD Enzymes
3.2. Construction and Confirmation of SOD Knock-Out and Knock-In Recombinants of LSDV
3.3. Growth Comparisons of nLSDV∆SOD-UCT and nLSDVSODis-UCT In Vitro and In Vivo
3.4. Histological Comparisons of Chick CAMs Infected with nLSDV∆SOD-UCT and nLSDVSODis-UCT
3.5. The Effect of the LSDV SOD Homologue in Its Natural Bovine Host
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chorioallantoic Membranes: Histological Changes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Section | Intracytoplasmic Inclusions | Epithelial Hyperplasia | Inflammatory Changes | Additional Comments | |
Chorionic | Allantoic | Mesoderm | ||||
nLSDV | A | + | 4 | 2 | 5 | ballooning and inclusions |
B | + | 4 | 1 | 4 | ||
C | + | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
D | + | 5 | 1 | 5 | ||
E | + | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
nLSDV∆SOD-UCT | A | + | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
B | + | 3 | 2 | 3 | ballooning degeneration | |
C | + | 3 | 2 | 2 | ballooning degeneration | |
D | + | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||
E | + | 3 | 2 | 3 | ||
nLSDVSODis-UCT | A | + | 4 | 1 | 5 | |
B | + | 4 | 1 | 4 | ||
C | + | 2 | 0 | 3 | ||
D | + | 3 | 0 | 4 | ||
E | + | 4 | 1 | 5 | high numbers of inclusions (chorion) | |
PBS | A | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
B | NP | NP | NP | NP | ||
C | NP | NP | NP | NP | ||
D | NP | NP | NP | NP | ||
E | NP | NP | NP | NP |
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Douglass, N.; Munyanduki, H.; Omar, R.; Gers, S.; Mutowembwa, P.; Heath, L.; Williamson, A.-L. Influence of the Viral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Homologue on Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) Growth, Histopathology and Pathogenicity. Vaccines 2020, 8, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040664
Douglass N, Munyanduki H, Omar R, Gers S, Mutowembwa P, Heath L, Williamson A-L. Influence of the Viral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Homologue on Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) Growth, Histopathology and Pathogenicity. Vaccines. 2020; 8(4):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040664
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglass, Nicola, Henry Munyanduki, Ruzaiq Omar, Sophette Gers, Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa, Livio Heath, and Anna-Lise Williamson. 2020. "Influence of the Viral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Homologue on Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) Growth, Histopathology and Pathogenicity" Vaccines 8, no. 4: 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040664