COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Major COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates and Their Responses
2.1. Inactivated/Live Attenuated Virus Vaccine
2.2. Viral Vectored Vaccine
2.3. mRNA Vaccine
2.4. DNA Vaccine
2.5. Recombinant Protein-Based Vaccine
3. Insights from Immune Responses Elicited in the Recovered Patients for Vaccine Development
4. Rapid Nature of the Vaccine Development and Its Drawbacks
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease 2019 |
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 |
SARS | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
nAbs | Neutralizing antibodies |
MERS | Middle East respiratory syndrome |
VLPs | Virus-like particles |
ACE2 | Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 |
APC | Antigen-presenting cell |
Ad5 | Adenovirus type-5 |
VSV | Vesicular Stomatitis Virus |
RBD | Receptor-Binding Domain |
ELISPOT | Enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
PRRs | Pattern recognition receptors |
PAMPs | Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
NIAID | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |
ADCD | Antibody-dependent complement deposition |
MNA | Microneedle array |
MVA | Modified vaccinia virus Ankara |
ADE | Antibody-dependent enhancement |
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Types of Vaccines | Name of Vaccine/Developer | Composition | Stage of Development |
---|---|---|---|
Inactivated Virus | Sinovac | Inactivated Virus | Phase 3 |
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase 3 | ||
Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase 3 | ||
Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Phase 1/2 | ||
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep. of Kazakhstan | Phase 1/2 | ||
Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. | Phase 1 | ||
Bharat Biotech | Phase 1/2 | ||
Viral vectored | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | ChAdOx1-S | Phase 3 |
CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Adenovirus Type 5 Vector | Phase 3 | |
Gamaleya Research Institute | Adeno-based (rAd26-S + rAd5-S) | Phase 3 | |
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Ad26COVS1 | Phase 3 | |
ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells | Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S | Phase 1 | |
Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China | Ad5-nCoV | Phase 1 | |
Vaxart | Ad5 adjuvanted Oral Vaccine platform | Phase 1 | |
Ludwig-Maximilians—University of Munich | MVA-SARS-2-S | Phase 1 | |
Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg Center for Vaccine Research (CVR)/Merck Sharp & Dohme | Measles-vector based | Phase 1 | |
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University | Intranasal flu-based-RBD | Phase 1 | |
RNA | Moderna/NIAID | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Phase 3 |
BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | 3 LNP-mRNAs | Phase 3 | |
Curevac | mRNA | Phase 2 | |
Arcturus/Duke-NUS | mRNA | Phase 1/2 | |
Imperial College London | LNP-nCoVsaRNA | Phase 1 | |
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech. | mRNA | Phase 1 | |
DNA | Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute | DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation | Phase 1/2 |
Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio | DNA plasmid vaccine + Adjuvant | Phase 1/2 | |
Cadila Healthcare Limited | DNA plasmid vaccine | Phase 1/2 | |
Genexine Consortium | DNA Vaccine (GX-19) | Phase 1/2 | |
Protein Subunit | Novavax | Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M | Phase 3 |
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer) | Phase 2 | |
Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc | RBD-based | Phase 1/2 | |
Sanofi Pasteur/GSK | S protein (baculovirus production) | Phase 1/2 | |
Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax | Native-like Trimeric subunit Spike Protein vaccine | Phase 1 | |
Vaxine Pty Ltd./Medytox | Recombinant spike protein with Advax™ adjuvant | Phase 1 | |
University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus | Molecular clamp stabilized Spike protein with MF59 adjuvant | Phase 1 | |
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | S-2P protein + CpG 1018 | Phase 1 | |
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | RBD + Adjuvant | Phase 1 | |
FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Peptide | Phase 1 | |
West China Hospital, Sichuan | RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells) | Phase 1 | |
University Hospital Tuebingen | SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides | Phase 1 | |
COVAXX | S1-RBD-protein | Phase 1 | |
VLP | SpyBiotech/Serum Institute of India | RBD-HBsAg VLPs | Phase 1/2 |
Medicago Inc. | Plant-derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs. | Phase 1 |
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Jain, S.; Batra, H.; Yadav, P.; Chand, S. COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response. Vaccines 2020, 8, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040649
Jain S, Batra H, Yadav P, Chand S. COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response. Vaccines. 2020; 8(4):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040649
Chicago/Turabian StyleJain, Swati, Himanshu Batra, Poonam Yadav, and Subhash Chand. 2020. "COVID-19 Vaccines Currently under Preclinical and Clinical Studies, and Associated Antiviral Immune Response" Vaccines 8, no. 4: 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040649