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Volume 14
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10.3390/vaccines14010040
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Review

Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals

by
Marta Sisteré-Oró
1,*,
Roberto Güerri-Fernandez
2,3,4,
Montserrat Plana
3,5,
Gennady Bocharov
6,7 and
Andreas Meyerhans
1,8,*
1
Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
2
Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
3
CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
5
AIDS Research Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
6
Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
7
Institute for Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
8
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2026, 14(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010040
Submission received: 25 November 2025 / Revised: 16 December 2025 / Accepted: 23 December 2025 / Published: 29 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humoral and Cellular Response After Vaccination)
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Abstract

Vaccination of people living with an HIV infection (PLWH) remains a worldwide challenge. The reason is the heterogeneity of this group that comprises people with and without highly active retroviral treatment and varying degrees of immunosuppression. In this review, we (i) highlight the impact of antiviral treatment success on vaccination outcomes, (ii) describe the current vaccine recommendations for PLWH, and (iii) summarize immunotherapeutic strategies for improved HIV immune control.
Keywords: people living with HIV (PLWH); vaccination; highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); immunosuppression; functional cure people living with HIV (PLWH); vaccination; highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); immunosuppression; functional cure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sisteré-Oró, M.; Güerri-Fernandez, R.; Plana, M.; Bocharov, G.; Meyerhans, A. Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals. Vaccines 2026, 14, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010040

AMA Style

Sisteré-Oró M, Güerri-Fernandez R, Plana M, Bocharov G, Meyerhans A. Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals. Vaccines. 2026; 14(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010040

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sisteré-Oró, Marta, Roberto Güerri-Fernandez, Montserrat Plana, Gennady Bocharov, and Andreas Meyerhans. 2026. "Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals" Vaccines 14, no. 1: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010040

APA Style

Sisteré-Oró, M., Güerri-Fernandez, R., Plana, M., Bocharov, G., & Meyerhans, A. (2026). Challenges in the Vaccination of HIV-Infected Individuals. Vaccines, 14(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14010040

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