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Vaccines
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/vaccines13070691
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Article

A Novel Trivalent BVDV mRNA Vaccine Displayed by Virus-like Particles Eliciting Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibody Responses

by
Shi Xu
1,†,
Jing Li
1,†,
Mengwei Xu
1,
Yafei Cai
2,
Yingjuan Qian
3,
Rui Liu
1,
Qing He
1,
Caiyi Fei
1,
Aili Wang
1,
Keyue Ruan
1,
Shang Liu
1,
Wei Geng
1,
Xu Gao
2,
Huiling Chen
4,* and
Tiyun Han
1,*
1
Nanjing Chengshi (TheraRNA) Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
2
College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
3
MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
4
Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070691 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 May 2025 / Revised: 20 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 June 2025 / Published: 26 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section DNA and mRNA Vaccines)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. The current vaccines have limited efficacy against diverse BVDV genotypes. Currently, multi-antigen target design and nanocarrier display technologies can provide ideas for broad-spectrum and efficient BVDV vaccine design. Methods: Here we developed a trivalent mRNA vaccine encoding the domains I-II of envelope glycoprotein E2 from three BVDV genotypes (3E2), introduced with bovine IgG1 Fc (bFc), STABILON (hStab), and artificial virus-like particle (ARVLP) containing CD80 transmembrane (TM) domain, FcγRII cytoplasmic domain, and WW domain of ITCH. Then, in vitro expression, in vivo immunogenicity and neutralizing antibody analysis were performed to evaluate the vaccines. Results: The in vitro expression results showed that bFc and hStab dramatically enhanced antigen expression and immunogenicity. In addition, the ARVLP further enhanced the secretion and potency of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, the immunogenicity of the bFc_BVDV_3E2_ARVLP_hStab mRNA vaccine was evaluated in mice, guinea pigs, and lactating goats and high levels of neutralizing antibodies against all three BVDV genotypes were detected. Conclusions: Our trivalent design strategy with bFc, hStab, and ARVLP shows highly efficient expression as well as strong immunogenicity and provides a promising approach for next-generation BVDV vaccines with broader and stronger protection.
Keywords: bovine viral diarrhea virus; mRNA vaccine; envelope glycoprotein E2; artificial virus-like particle; antibody responses bovine viral diarrhea virus; mRNA vaccine; envelope glycoprotein E2; artificial virus-like particle; antibody responses

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, S.; Li, J.; Xu, M.; Cai, Y.; Qian, Y.; Liu, R.; He, Q.; Fei, C.; Wang, A.; Ruan, K.; et al. A Novel Trivalent BVDV mRNA Vaccine Displayed by Virus-like Particles Eliciting Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibody Responses. Vaccines 2025, 13, 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070691

AMA Style

Xu S, Li J, Xu M, Cai Y, Qian Y, Liu R, He Q, Fei C, Wang A, Ruan K, et al. A Novel Trivalent BVDV mRNA Vaccine Displayed by Virus-like Particles Eliciting Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibody Responses. Vaccines. 2025; 13(7):691. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070691

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Shi, Jing Li, Mengwei Xu, Yafei Cai, Yingjuan Qian, Rui Liu, Qing He, Caiyi Fei, Aili Wang, Keyue Ruan, and et al. 2025. "A Novel Trivalent BVDV mRNA Vaccine Displayed by Virus-like Particles Eliciting Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibody Responses" Vaccines 13, no. 7: 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070691

APA Style

Xu, S., Li, J., Xu, M., Cai, Y., Qian, Y., Liu, R., He, Q., Fei, C., Wang, A., Ruan, K., Liu, S., Geng, W., Gao, X., Chen, H., & Han, T. (2025). A Novel Trivalent BVDV mRNA Vaccine Displayed by Virus-like Particles Eliciting Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibody Responses. Vaccines, 13(7), 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070691

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