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Volume 12
Issue 8
10.3390/vaccines12080829
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Article

Gold Nanoparticle Virus-like Particles Presenting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Immunogenicity in BALB/c Mice

by
Vivian A. Salazar
1,
Joan Comenge
1,2,
Rosa Suárez-López
3,
Judith A. Burger
4,
Rogier W. Sanders
4,
Neus G. Bastús
2,5,
Carlos Jaime
3,
Joan Joseph-Munne
1,6,* and
Victor Puntes
1,2,5,7,*
1
Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
2
Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
3
Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
4
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5
Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
6
Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
7
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080829
Submission received: 14 June 2024 / Revised: 18 July 2024 / Accepted: 19 July 2024 / Published: 23 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Development)
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Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated with antigens have recently emerged as promising tools for vaccine development due to their innate ability to provide stability to antigens and modulate immune responses. In this study, we have engineered deactivated virus-like particles (VLPs) by precisely functionalizing gold cores with coronas comprising the full SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S). Using BALB/c mice as a model, we investigated the immunogenicity of these S-AuNPs-VLPs. Our results demonstrate that S-AuNPs-VLPs consistently enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses compared to the S protein free in solution. This enhancement included higher binding antibody titers, higher neutralizing capacity of antibodies, and stronger T-cell responses. Compared to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, where the S protein is synthesized in situ, S-AuNPs-VLPs induced comparable binding and neutralizing antibody responses, but substantially superior T-cell responses. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of conjugated AuNPs as an effective antigen-delivery system for protein-based vaccines targeting a broad spectrum of infectious diseases and other emergent viruses.
Keywords: virus-like particles (VLPs); gold nanoparticles; spike protein SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine virus-like particles (VLPs); gold nanoparticles; spike protein SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Salazar, V.A.; Comenge, J.; Suárez-López, R.; Burger, J.A.; Sanders, R.W.; Bastús, N.G.; Jaime, C.; Joseph-Munne, J.; Puntes, V. Gold Nanoparticle Virus-like Particles Presenting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Immunogenicity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines 2024, 12, 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080829

AMA Style

Salazar VA, Comenge J, Suárez-López R, Burger JA, Sanders RW, Bastús NG, Jaime C, Joseph-Munne J, Puntes V. Gold Nanoparticle Virus-like Particles Presenting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Immunogenicity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines. 2024; 12(8):829. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080829

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salazar, Vivian A., Joan Comenge, Rosa Suárez-López, Judith A. Burger, Rogier W. Sanders, Neus G. Bastús, Carlos Jaime, Joan Joseph-Munne, and Victor Puntes. 2024. "Gold Nanoparticle Virus-like Particles Presenting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Immunogenicity in BALB/c Mice" Vaccines 12, no. 8: 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080829

APA Style

Salazar, V. A., Comenge, J., Suárez-López, R., Burger, J. A., Sanders, R. W., Bastús, N. G., Jaime, C., Joseph-Munne, J., & Puntes, V. (2024). Gold Nanoparticle Virus-like Particles Presenting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Synthesis, Biophysical Properties and Immunogenicity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines, 12(8), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080829

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