Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Paediatric Population in the Second COVID-19 Pandemic Year
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean 2018–2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2021 vs. 2018–2019 | p Value | Variation | 2021 vs. 2020 | p Value | Variation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (IR) | N (IR) | N (IR) | IRR (CI 95%) | % | IRR (CI 95%) | % | |||
0–17 years | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 227,148 (43,661.3) | 148,637 (28,437.6) | 178,243 (34,570.5) | 0.79 (0.78–0.80) | <0.0001 | −21 | 1.22 (1.21–1.22) | <0.0001 | +22 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 641 (123.2) | 497 (95.1) | 605 (117.3) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.39 | NS− | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | 0.0005 | +23 |
IPD cases | 57 (11.0) | 20 (3.8) | 24 (4.6) | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | <0.0001 | −58 | 1.22 (0.67–2.23) | 0.52 | NS+ |
PCV13 serotypes | 25 (4.8) | 10 (1.9) | 8 (1.6) | 0.32 (0.15–0.72) | 0.003 | −68 | 0.81 (0.32–2.05) | 0.66 | NS− |
Serotype 3 | 17 (3.3) | 9 (1.7) | 4 (0.8) | 0.24 (0.08–0.70) | 0.005 | −76 | 0.45 (0.14–1.46) | 0.17 | NS− |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 29 (5.6) | 10 (1.9) | 15 (2.9) | 0.52 (0.27–0.97) | 0.04 | −48 | 1.52 (0.68–3.51) | 0.31 | NS+ |
0–4 years | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 108,757 (93,016.7) | 68,684 (60,617.9) | 104,023 (96,896.3) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.0001 | +4 | 1.60 (1.58–1.61) | <0.0001 | +60 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 459 (392.6) | 342 (301.8) | 449 (418.2) | 1.07 (0.96–1.21) | 0.34 | NS+ | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | <0.0001 | +38 |
IPD cases | 44 (37.6) | 15 (13.2) | 18 (16.8) | 0.44 (0.25–0.76) | 0.002 | −56 | 1.27 (0.63–2.56) | 0.50 | NS+ |
PCV13 serotypes | 18 (15.4) | 8 (7.1) | 5 (4.6) | 0.30 (0.11–0.81) | 0.01 | −70 | 0.66 (0.22–2.02) | 0.46 | NS− |
Serotype 3 | 12 (10.3) | 8 (7.1) | 2 (1.9) | 0.18 (0.04–0.81) | 0.01 | −82 | 0.26 (0.06–1.24) | 0.07 | NS− |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 25 (21.4) | 7 (6.2) | 12 (11.2) | 0.52 (0.25–1.03) | 0.06 | NS− | 1.80 (0.71–4.89) | 0.22 | NS+ |
5-17 years | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 118,391 (29,353.5) | 79,953 (19,530.7) | 74,220 (18,180.6) | 0.62 (0.61–0.63) | <0.0001 | −38 | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | <0.0001 | −7 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 182 (45.1) | 155 (37.9) | 156 (38.2) | 0.85 (0.68–1.05) | 0.13 | NS− | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.93 | NS |
IPD cases | 13 (3.2) | 5 (1.2) | 6 (1.5) | 0.46 (0.16–1.18) | 0.11 | NS− | 1.20 (0.35–4.28) | 0.77 | NS+ |
PCV13 serotypes | 7 (1.7) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | 0.42 (0.11–1.64) | 0.20 | NS− | 1.50 (0.25–9.00) | 0.65 | NS+ |
Serotype 3 | 5 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.5) | 0.39 (0.08–2.04) | 0.25 | NS− | 2.01 (0.18–22.12) | 0.56 | NS+ |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 4 (1.0) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 0.74 (0.14–3.59) | 0.72 | NS− | 1.00 (0.17–5.84) | 0.99 | NS |
Quarter | Mean 2018–2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2021 vs. 2018–2019 | p Value | Variation | 2021 vs. 2020 | p Value | Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (IR) | N (IR) | N (IR) | IRR (CI 95%) | % | IRR (CI 95%) | % | |||
1 st quarter | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 61,590 (11,838.5) | 54,430 (10,413.7) | 37,324 (7239.0) | 0.61 (0.60–0.62) | <0.0001 | −39 | 0.70 (0.69–0.70) | <0.0001 | −30 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 185 (35.6) | 182 (34.8) | 98 (19.0) | 0.53 (0.42–0.68) | <0.0001 | −47 | 0.54 (0.43–0.70) | <0.0001 | −46 |
IPD cases | 17 (3.3) | 15 (2.9) | 2 (0.4) | 0.12 (0.02–0.45) | 0.0004 | −88 | 0.14 (0.02–0.52) | 0.0001 | −86 |
PCV13 serotypes | 7 (1.3) | 9 (1.7) | 1 (0.2) | 0.14 (0.02–1.17) | 0.06 | NS− | 0.11 (0.01–0.89) | 0.01 | −89 |
Serotype 3 | 5 (1.0) | 8 (1.5) | 0 (0) | - | 0.03 | (-Not calc) | - | 0.01 | (-Not calc) |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 10 (1.9) | 6 (1.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0.10 (0.01–0.60) | 0.001 | −90 | 0.17 (0.01–1.14) | 0.07 | NS- |
2 nd quarter | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 55,519 (10,671.6) | 23,025 (4405.2) | 46,291 (8978.2) | 0.84 (0.83–0.85) | <0.0001 | −16 | 2.04 (2.01–2.07) | <0.0001 | +104 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 141 (27.1) | 107 (20.5) | 198 (38.4) | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | 0.001 | +42 | 1.88 (1.48–2.37) | <0.0001 | +88 |
IPD cases | 15 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.2) | 0.40 (0.14–1.02) | 0.05 | NS− | - | 0.02 | (+Not calc) |
PCV13 serotypes | 8 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.25 (0.05–1.19) | 0.06 | NS− | - | 0.15 | NS+ |
Serotype 3 | 6 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.17 (0.02–1.10) | 0.06 | NS− | - | 0.31 | NS+ |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 6 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.8) | 0.67 (0.17–2.46) | 0.56 | NS− | - | 0.06 | NS+ |
3 rd quarter | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 44,594 (8571.6) | 34,933 (6683.5) | 35,692 (6922.5) | 0.81 (0.80–0.82) | <0.0001 | −19 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.0001 | +4 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 112 (21.5) | 86 (16.5) | 158 (30.6) | 1.42 (1.12–1.81) | 0.004 | +42 | 1.86 (1.43–2.42) | <0.0001 | +86 |
IPD cases | 6 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | 5 (1.0) | 0.84 (0.24–2.88) | 0.78 | NS− | 2.53 (0.50–18.86) | 0.28 | NS+ |
PCV13 serotypes | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.50 (0.05–5.56) | 0.57 | NS− | - | 0.31 | NS+ |
Serotype 3 | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0.32 | NS− | - | NS | |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 3 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) | 1.34 (0.28–7.21) | 0.72 | NS+ | 2.03 (0.36–15.83) | 0.44 | NS+ |
4 th quarter | |||||||||
Emergency visits | 65,445 (12,579.5) | 36,249 (6935.3) | 58,933 (11,430.1) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | <0.0001 | −9 | 1.65 (1.963–1.67) | <0.0001 | +65 |
PCR samples (HSJD, HIVH) | 203 (39.0) | 122 (23.3) | 151 (29.3) | 0.75 (0.61–0.92) | 0.007 | −25 | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 0.06 | NS+ |
IPD cases | 19 (3.7) | 3 (0.6) | 11 (2.1) | 0.58 (0.27–1.22) | 0.16 | NS− | 3.72 (1.04–13.32) | 0.03 | +272 |
PCV13 serotypes | 8 (1.5) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.50 (0.15–1.67) | 0.25 | NS− | 4.05 (0.45–36.28) | 0.17 | NS+ |
Serotype 3 | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 0.60 (0.14–2.53) | 0.49 | NS− | 3.04 (0.32–29.24) | 0.31 | NS+ |
Non-PCV13 serotypes | 10 (1.9) | 2 (0.4) | 6 (1.2) | 0.60 (0.20–1.67) | 0.34 | NS− | 3.04 (0.64–21.89) | 0.17 | NS+ |
Diagnostic Technique | Mean 2018–2019 | % | 2020 | % | 2021 | % | 2018–2021 | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Culture only | 16 | 28.9 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 16.7 | 38 | 24.1 |
PCR only | 29 | 50.0 | 13 | 65 | 12 | 50.0 | 83 | 52.5 |
Culture + PCR | 12 | 21.1 | 5 | 25 | 8 | 33.3 | 37 | 23.4 |
Total | 57 | 100.0 | 20 | 100 | 24 | 100 | 158 | 100 |
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Izquierdo, C.; Ciruela, P.; Soldevila, N.; Garcia-Garcia, J.-J.; Gonzalez-Peris, S.; Díaz-Conradi, A.; Viñado, B.; F de Sevilla, M.; Moraga-Llop, F.; Muñoz-Almagro, C.; et al. Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Paediatric Population in the Second COVID-19 Pandemic Year. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101548
Izquierdo C, Ciruela P, Soldevila N, Garcia-Garcia J-J, Gonzalez-Peris S, Díaz-Conradi A, Viñado B, F de Sevilla M, Moraga-Llop F, Muñoz-Almagro C, et al. Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Paediatric Population in the Second COVID-19 Pandemic Year. Vaccines. 2023; 11(10):1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101548
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzquierdo, Conchita, Pilar Ciruela, Núria Soldevila, Juan-Jose Garcia-Garcia, Sebastia Gonzalez-Peris, Alvaro Díaz-Conradi, Belen Viñado, Mariona F de Sevilla, Fernando Moraga-Llop, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, and et al. 2023. "Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Paediatric Population in the Second COVID-19 Pandemic Year" Vaccines 11, no. 10: 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101548
APA StyleIzquierdo, C., Ciruela, P., Soldevila, N., Garcia-Garcia, J. -J., Gonzalez-Peris, S., Díaz-Conradi, A., Viñado, B., F de Sevilla, M., Moraga-Llop, F., Muñoz-Almagro, C., Domínguez, A., & Barcino Working Group. (2023). Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Paediatric Population in the Second COVID-19 Pandemic Year. Vaccines, 11(10), 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11101548