Higher Collective Responsibility, Higher COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, and Interaction with Vaccine Attitude: Results from Propensity Score Matching
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake (VU)
2.2.2. COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude (VA)
2.2.3. Subjective Norm (SN)
2.2.4. Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)
2.2.5. Collective Responsibility (CR)
2.2.6. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Baseline Covariates after Propensity Score Matching
3.3. The Association of Collective Responsibility and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
4. Discussion
4.1. Higher Collective Responsibility Predicts Higher COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
4.2. Collective Responsibility Is More Effective among Individuals Having More Negative COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude
4.3. Implications
4.4. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Count | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 222 | 36.5 |
Female | 386 | 63.5 |
Education | ||
High school or below | 284 | 46.7 |
Diploma or above | 324 | 53.3 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 236 | 38.8 |
Married | 372 | 61.2 |
Living with older adults or children | ||
No | 217 | 35.7 |
Yes | 391 | 64.3 |
Monthly income (in local currency MOP) | ||
≤10,000 | 98 | 16.1 |
10,001∼20,000 | 237 | 39.0 |
20,001∼30,000 | 198 | 32.6 |
30,001∼30,000 | 49 | 8.1 |
≥40,001 | 26 | 4.2 |
Working industries | ||
Travel agency | 125 | 20.6 |
Gaming | 167 | 27.5 |
Food and beverage | 178 | 29.3 |
Others | 138 | 22.7 |
Receiving COVID-19 vaccine | ||
Not willing to be vaccinated | 38 | 6.3 |
Undecided whether to vaccinate | 109 | 17.9 |
Not yet, but planning to vaccinate | 81 | 13.3 |
1 dose has been received | 86 | 14.1 |
2 doses have been received | 294 | 48.4 |
Characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR-Lower Group | CR-Higher Group | SMD | p-Value | CR-Lower Group | CR-Higher Group | SMD | p-Value | |
No. of participants | 268 | 340 | 173 | 173 | ||||
Age, mean ± SD | 36.73 ± 9.53 | 39.46 ± 10.84 | 0.26 | 0.001 | 39.67 ± 9.75 | 39.64 ± 10.90 | <0.01 | 0.974 |
COVID-19 VA, mean ± SD | −2.25 ± 12.94 | 8.20 ± 13.22 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 2.23 ± 10.93 | 2.82 ± 11.67 | 0.05 | 0.628 |
SN, mean ± SD | 49.25 ± 22.72 | 67.19 ± 23.93 | 0.71 | <0.001 | 56.45 ± 23.00 | 55.54 ± 21.17 | 0.04 | 0.703 |
PBC | 0.26 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.808 | ||||
Difficult or very difficult | 22 (8.2%) | 9 (2.6%) | 7 (4.0%) | 9 (5.2%) | ||||
Moderate | 98 (36.6%) | 62 (18.2%) | 52 (30.1%) | 48 (27.7%) | ||||
Easy or very easy | 148 (55.2%) | 269 (79.1%) | 114 (65.9%) | 116 (67.1%) | ||||
Gender | 0.71 | 0.029 | 0.01 | 0.819 | ||||
Male | 85 (31.7%) | 137 (40.3%) | 58 (33.5%) | 56 (32.4%) | ||||
Female | 183 (68.3%) | 203 (59.7%) | 115 (66.5%) | 117 (67.6%) | ||||
Education | 0.03 | 0.532 | 0.04 | 0.452 | ||||
High school or below | 129 (48.1%) | 155 (45.6%) | 92 (53.2%) | 85 (49.1%) | ||||
Diploma or above | 139 (51.9%) | 185 (54.4%) | 81 (46.8%) | 88 (50.9%) | ||||
Marital status | 0.05 | 0.181 | 0.01 | 0.911 | ||||
Single | 112 (41.8%) | 124 (36.5%) | 62 (35.8%) | 63 (36.4%) | ||||
Married | 156 (58.2%) | 216 (63.5%) | 111 (64.2%) | 110 (63.6%) | ||||
Living with older adults or children | 0.01 | 0.818 | 0.03 | 0.568 | ||||
No | 97 (36.2%) | 120 (35.3%) | 55 (31.8%) | 60 (34.7%) | ||||
Yes | 171 (63.8%) | 220 (64.7%) | 118 (68.2%) | 113 (65.3%) | ||||
Monthly income (in local currency MOP) | 0.12 | 0.081 | 0.09 | 0.619 | ||||
≤10,000 | 41 (15.3%) | 57 (16.8%) | 33 (19.1%) | 30 (17.3%) | ||||
10,001~20,000 | 97 (36.2%) | 140 (41.2%) | 61 (35.3%) | 64 (37.0%) | ||||
20,001~30,000 | 103 (38.4%) | 95 (27.9%) | 59 (34.1%) | 55 (31.8%) | ||||
30,001~40,000 | 17 (6.3%) | 32 (9.4%) | 11 (6.4%) | 18 (10.4%) | ||||
≧40,001 | 10 (3.7%) | 16 (4.7%) | 9 (5.2%) | 6 (3.5%) | ||||
Working industries | 0.14 | 0.011 | 0.10 | 0.311 | ||||
Travel agency | 43 (16.0%) | 82 (24.1%) | 37 (21.4%) | 39 (22.5%) | ||||
Gaming | 84 (31.3%) | 83 (24.4%) | 59 (34.1%) | 55 (31.8%) | ||||
Food and beverage | 71 (26.5%) | 107 (31.5%) | 52 (30.1%) | 42 (24.3%) | ||||
Others | 70 (26.1%) | 68 (20.0%) | 25 (14.5%) | 37 (21.4%) | ||||
COVID-19 vaccine uptake | 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.005 | ||||
No | 146 (54.5%) | 82 (24.1%) | 87 (50.3%) | 61 (35.3%) | ||||
Yes | 122 (45.5%) | 258 (75.9%) | 86 (49.7%) | 112 (64.7%) |
Variables | Coefficient | S.E. | Wald | p-Value | OR | 95% CI for OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
COVID-19 VA | 0.139 | 0.029 | 23.304 | <0.001 | 1.149 | 1.086 | 1.216 |
SN | 0.012 | 0.007 | 2.868 | 0.090 | 1.012 | 0.998 | 1.027 |
PBC | 32.892 | <0.001 | |||||
PBC (moderate = 1) | −0.073 | 0.755 | 0.009 | 0.923 | 0.929 | 0.212 | 4.078 |
PBC (easy or very easy = 1) | 1.729 | 0.737 | 5.510 | 0.019 | 5.636 | 1.330 | 23.882 |
CR (higher group = 1) | 0.728 | 0.289 | 6.330 | 0.012 | 2.070 | 1.174 | 3.650 |
Zscore_COVID-19 VA × CR | −0.081 | 0.035 | 5.478 | 0.019 | 0.922 | 0.861 | 0.987 |
Working industries | 3.212 | 0.360 | |||||
Working industries (travel agency = 1) | −0.750 | 0.566 | 1.757 | 0.185 | 0.472 | 0.156 | 1.432 |
Working industries (gaming = 1) | −0.254 | 0.434 | 0.342 | 0.558 | 0.776 | 0.331 | 1.816 |
Working industries (food and beverage = 1) | 0.221 | 0.453 | 0.239 | 0.625 | 1.248 | 0.513 | 3.034 |
Age | 0.004 | 0.018 | 0.039 | 0.844 | 1.004 | 0.968 | 1.041 |
Education (diploma or above = 1) | 0.430 | 0.341 | 1.590 | 0.207 | 1.537 | 0.788 | 2.999 |
Monthly income | −0.041 | 0.154 | 0.073 | 0.787 | 0.959 | 0.710 | 1.296 |
Gender (female = 1) | −0.124 | 0.319 | 0.151 | 0.698 | 0.883 | 0.473 | 1.650 |
Marital status (married = 1) | 0.475 | 0.334 | 2.027 | 0.155 | 1.609 | 0.836 | 3.095 |
Living with older adults or children (yes = 1) | −0.008 | 0.322 | 0.001 | 0.981 | 0.992 | 0.528 | 1.865 |
Constant | −2.459 | 1.325 | 3.443 | 0.064 | 0.085 |
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Wu, J.; Chen, C.H.; Wang, H.; Zhang, J. Higher Collective Responsibility, Higher COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, and Interaction with Vaccine Attitude: Results from Propensity Score Matching. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081295
Wu J, Chen CH, Wang H, Zhang J. Higher Collective Responsibility, Higher COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, and Interaction with Vaccine Attitude: Results from Propensity Score Matching. Vaccines. 2022; 10(8):1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081295
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jianwei, Caleb Huanyong Chen, Hui Wang, and Jinghua Zhang. 2022. "Higher Collective Responsibility, Higher COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake, and Interaction with Vaccine Attitude: Results from Propensity Score Matching" Vaccines 10, no. 8: 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081295