Acceptability of HPV Vaccination in Young Students by Exploring Health Belief Model and Health Literacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Respondents | Vaccinated n (%) | Unvaccinated n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3073 | 925 (30.1%) | 2148 (69.9%) | |||
Age | 13–14 years old | 199 (6.5%) | 97 (10.5%) | 102 (4.8%) | <0.001 |
15–16 years old | 419 (13.6%) | 185 (20.0%) | 234 (10.9%) | ||
17–18 years old | 368 (11.9%) | 70 (7.6%) | 298 (13.9%) | ||
19–20 years old | 500 (16.3%) | 204 (22.1%) | 296 (13.8%) | ||
21–23 years old | 801 (26.1%) | 265 (28.7%) | 536 (24.9%) | ||
24–26 years old | 539 (17.5%) | 801 (8.6%) | 459 (21.4%) | ||
>26 years old | 247 (8.0%) | 24 (2.6%) | 223 (10.4%) | ||
Sex | Male | 888 (28.9%) | 108 (11.7%) | <0.001 | |
780 (36.3%) | |||||
Female | 2185 (71.1%) | 817 (88.3%) | 1368 (63.7%) | ||
Attended school/education | Medicine faculty | 453 (14.7%) | 570 (61.6%) | 1511 (70.3%) | <0.001 |
Other faculties | 1628 (53%) | ||||
Lyceum | 876 (28.5%) | 355 (38.4%) | 637 (29.7%) | ||
Technical institutes | 116 (3.8%) | ||||
Father | Primary school diploma | 763 (25.50%) | 226 (24.9%) | 537 (25.8%) | 0.623 |
High school diploma | 1321 (44.2%) | 395 (43.6%) | 926 (44.5%) | ||
Graduation | 903 (30.2%) | 285 (31.5%) | 618 (29.7%) | ||
Worker | 3043 (99%) | 920 (99.5%) | 2123 (98.8%) | 0.107 | |
Health worker | 273 (8.9%) | 84 (9.2%) | 189 (8.8%) | 0.768 | |
Mother | Primary school diploma | 687 (23%) | 180 (19.8%) | 507 (24.3%) | 0.026 |
High school diploma | 1396 (46.6%) | 437 (48.1%) | 959 (46.0%) | ||
Graduation | 910 (30.4%) | 291 (32.1%) | 619 (29.7%) | ||
Worker | 2631 (85.6%) | 822 (88.9%) | 1809 (84.2%) | 0.001 | |
Health worker | 264 (8.8%) | 74 (8.2%) | 190 (9.1%) | 0.414 | |
Economic status | Good | 1472 (47.9%) | 495 (53.5%) | 977 (45.4%) | <0.001 |
Acceptable | 1363 (44.4%) | 374 (40.4%) | 989 (46.0%) | ||
Low | 238 (7.7%) | 56 (6.1%) | 182 (8.5%) | ||
Smoking | 676 (22%) | 177 (19.1%) | 499 (23.2%) | 0.012 | |
Alcohol | Never | 541 (17.6%) | 191 (20.7%) | 350 (16.3%) | <0.001 |
occasionally | 2196 (71.5%) | 655 (70.8%) | 1541 (71.7%) | ||
2 or 3 times in a week | 312 (10.8%) | 68 (7.4%) | 244 (11.4%) | ||
every day | 24 (0.8%) | 11 (1.2%) | 13 (0.6%) | ||
Sexual orientation | Heterosexual | 2081 (91.1%) | 836 (90.4%) | 1965 (91.5%) | 0.028 |
Homosexual | 87 (2.8%) | 20 (2.2%) | 67 (3.1%) | ||
Bisexual | 142 (4.6%) | 57 (6.2%) | 85 (3.9%) | ||
Relationship status | Single | 1357 (44.2%) | 415 (44.9%) | 942 (43.9%) | 0.872 |
Exclusive relationship | 1491 (48.5%) | 439 (47.5%) | 1052 (49%) | ||
Nonexclusive relationship | 157 (5.1%) | 50 (5.4%) | 107 (5%) | ||
First sexual intercourse | 12–14 years old | 203 (6.6%) | 62 (6.7%) | 141 (6.6%) | <0.001 |
15–18 years old | 1321 (43%) | 373 (40.6%) | 945(44.9%) | ||
<18 years old | 619 (20.1%) | 157 (16.9%) | 462 (21.5%) | ||
Condom | 1735 (56.5%) | 487 (52.7%) | 124 (58.1%) | <0.001 | |
Contraceptive method used | Oral contraceptive | 276 (9%) | 104 (11.2%) | 172 (8.0%) | 0.004 |
Nothing | 696 (22.6%) | 211 (22.8%) | 485 (22.6%) | 0.888 |
Total Respondents | Vaccinated n (%) | Unvaccinated n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3073 | 925 (30.1%) | 2148 (69.9%) | |||
Have you been informed about sexually transmitted infections? | Yes | 2699 (87.8%) | 820 (88.6%) | 1879 (87.5%) | 0.362 |
Papilloma virus | 568 (18.5%) | 160 (17.3%) | 409 (19.1%) | 0.254 | |
What is the most common sexually transmitted disease? | HIV | 1074 (34.9%) | 337 (36.4%) | 737 (34.3%) | 0.258 |
Genital herpes | 867 (28.2%) | 276 (29.8%) | 591 (27.5%) | 0.189 | |
Do you think that HPV infection is sexually transmitted? | Yes | 2821 (91.8%) | 834 (90.2%) | 1987 (92.5%) | 0.03 |
Do you think that the cervical cancer is due to HPV? | Yes | 2008 (65.3%) | 646 (69.8%) | 1362 (63.4%) | 0.001 |
Do you think that the penile cancer is due to HPV? | Yes | 559 (18.2%) | 176 (19.0%) | 383 (17.8%) | 0.43 |
Do you think that the prostate cancer is due to HPV? | Yes | 609 (19.8%) | 208 (22.5%) | 401 (18.7%) | 0.015 |
Do you think that the Herpes infection is due to HPV? | Yes | 282 (7.1%) | 68 (7.4%) | 214 (9.9%) | 0.021 |
Do you think HPV can cause infertility? | Yes | 282 (9.2%) | 77 (8.32%) | 142 (6.6%) | 0.09 |
Are there therapies for HPV infection? | Yes | 2460 (80.1%) | 745 (80.5%) | 1715 (79.8%) | 0.657 |
Have you ever heard about HPV vaccine? | Yes | 2672 (87%) | 882 (95.4%) | 1790 (83.3%) | <0.001 |
Parents | 532 (17.3%) | 257(27.8%) | 275 (12.8%) | <0.001 | |
School | 646 (21%) | 155 (16.7%) | 491 (22.9%) | <0.001 | |
Internet | 374 (12.2%) | 62 (6.7%) | 312 (14.5%) | <0.001 | |
What was your main source of information about the HPV vaccine? | Information material given by public vaccination services | 134 (4.4%) | 58 (6.3%) | 76 (3.5%) | 0.001 |
Media | 259 (8.4%) | 41 (4.4%) | 218 (10.2%) | <0.001 | |
General pratictioner or pediatrician | 515 (16.8%) | 241 (26.1%) | 274 (12.8%) | <0.001 | |
Friends | 116 (3.8%) | 7 (0.8%) | 109 (5.1%) | <0.001 |
Total Respondents | Vaccinated n (%) | Unvaccinated n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3073 | 925 (30.1%) | 2148 (69.9%) | |||
HBM (Total score = 15) | High HBM (≥12) | 1098 (35.7%) | 525 (56.8%) | 573 (26.7%) | <0.001 |
Low HBM (<12) | 1975 (64.3%) | 400 (43.2%) | 1575 (73.3%) | ||
Never | 971 (31.6%) | 247(26.7%) | 724 (33.7%) | 0.005 | |
Rarely | 1339 (43.6%) | 436 (47.1%) | 903 (42.0%) | ||
SILS test | Sometimes | 569 (18.5%) | 183 (19.8%) | 386 (17.9%) | |
Often | 158 (5.1%) | 48 (5.2%) | 110 (5.1%) | ||
Always | 36 (1.2%) | 11 (1.2%) | 25 (1.2%) | ||
Low level (0–20) | 596 (19.4%) | 163 (17.6%) | 433(20.2%) | 0.096 | |
METER test | Marginal level (21–34) | 876 (28.5%) | 285 (30.8%) | 591(27.5%) | |
Adequate level (35–40) | 1601 (52.1%) | 477 (51.6%) | 1124 (52.3%) |
Crude OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Students | Palermo High School | Ref | |||
Palermo University | 0.67 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.57 | |
Sex | Female vs. Male | 4.31 | <0.001 | 4.43 | <0.001 |
Age | 13–14 years old | Ref | |||
15–16 years old | 0.83 | 0.285 | 1.06 | 0.778 | |
17–18 years old | 0.25 | <0.001 | 0.19 | <0.001 | |
19–20 years old | 0.72 | 0.056 | 0.96 | 0.969 | |
21–23 years old | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.747 | |
24–26 years old | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.181 | |
>26 years old | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.121 | |
Mother | Worker vs. nonworker | 1.49 | 0.001 | 1.37 | 0.064 |
Mother | Educational qualification | 1.32 | 0.012 | 0.88 | 0.372 |
Graduation | |||||
Economic status | Low | Ref | |||
Acceptable | 1.23 | 0.21 | 0.93 | 0.735 | |
Good | 1.64 | 0.002 | 1.08 | 0.708 | |
Smokers | Yes vs. no | 0.78 | 0.012 | 0.88 | 0.312 |
Sexual orientation | Heterosexual | Ref | |||
Homosexual | 0.7 | 0.17 | 1.16 | 0.646 | |
Bisexual | 1.57 | 0.01 | 1.14 | 0.548 | |
SILS test | Always | 1.29 | 0.491 | 0.87 | 0.762 |
Often | 1.28 | 0.191 | 0.76 | 0.252 | |
Sometimes | 1.39 | 0.005 | 1.03 | 0.807 | |
Rarely | 1.42 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 0.047 | |
Never | Ref | ||||
Meter test | Low level | Ref | |||
Marginal level | 1.28 | 0.034 | 0.89 | 0.422 | |
Adequate level | 1.13 | 0.262 | 0.87 | 0.323 | |
High HBM | Total score ≥ 12 vs. <12 | 4.84 | <0.001 | 4.23 | <0.001 |
Believing that HPV causes cervical cancer | Yes vs. no | 1.34 | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.743 |
Believing that HPV causes Herpes infection | Yes vs. no | 0.72 | 0.022 | 0.67 | 0.044 |
Believing that HPV causes prostate cancer | Yes vs. no | 1.26 | 0.015 | 0.9 | 0.489 |
Having heard about HPV vaccination | Yes vs. no | 4.1 | <0.001 | ||
Information source about HPV vaccine | Parents (yes vs. no) | 2.62 | <0.001 | 1.78 | 0.004 |
General pratictioner or paediatrician (yes vs. no) | 2.41 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 0.001 | |
Public vaccination services (yes vs. no) | 1.82 | 0.001 | 1.97 | 0.001 | |
Teachers/school (yes vs. no) | 0.68 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.05 | |
Internet (yes vs. no) | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.043 | |
Media (yes vs. no) | 0.41 | <0.001 | 0.62 | 0.067 | |
Friends (yes vs. no) | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.007 |
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Fallucca, A.; Immordino, P.; Riggio, L.; Casuccio, A.; Vitale, F.; Restivo, V. Acceptability of HPV Vaccination in Young Students by Exploring Health Belief Model and Health Literacy. Vaccines 2022, 10, 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10070998
Fallucca A, Immordino P, Riggio L, Casuccio A, Vitale F, Restivo V. Acceptability of HPV Vaccination in Young Students by Exploring Health Belief Model and Health Literacy. Vaccines. 2022; 10(7):998. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10070998
Chicago/Turabian StyleFallucca, Alessandra, Palmira Immordino, Luca Riggio, Alessandra Casuccio, Francesco Vitale, and Vincenzo Restivo. 2022. "Acceptability of HPV Vaccination in Young Students by Exploring Health Belief Model and Health Literacy" Vaccines 10, no. 7: 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10070998
APA StyleFallucca, A., Immordino, P., Riggio, L., Casuccio, A., Vitale, F., & Restivo, V. (2022). Acceptability of HPV Vaccination in Young Students by Exploring Health Belief Model and Health Literacy. Vaccines, 10(7), 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10070998