COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among US Adults According to Standard Occupational Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten great public health achievements–United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011, 60, 619. [Google Scholar]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html (accessed on 12 October 2021).
- Coustasse, A.; Kimble, C.; Maxik, K. COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy: A Challenge the United States Must Overcome. J. Ambul. Care Manag. 2021, 44, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paterson, P.; Meurice, F.; Stanberry, L.R.; Glismann, S.; Rosenthal, S.L.; Larson, H.J. Vaccine hesitancy and healthcare providers. Vaccine 2016, 34, 6700–6706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Pacella-LaBarbara, M.L.; Park, Y.L.; Patterson, P.D.; Doshi, A.; Guyette, M.K.; Wong, A.H.; Chang, B.P.; Suffoletto, B.P. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intent Among Emergency Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2021, 63, 852–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marzo, R.R.; Sami, W.; Alam, M.Z.; Acharya, S.; Jermsittiparsert, K.; Songwathana, K.; Pham, N.T.; Respati, T.; Faller, E.M.; Baldonado, A.M.; et al. Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: A cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries. Trop. Med. Health 2022, 50, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherman, S.M.; Smith, L.E.; Sim, J.; Amlôt, R.; Cutts, M.; Dasch, H.; Rubin, G.J.; Sevdalis, N. COVID-19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the COVID-19 vaccination acceptability study (CoVAccS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2021, 17, 1612–1621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halbrook, M.; Gadoth, A.; Martin-Blais, R.; Gray, A.N.; Kashani, S.; Kazan, C.; Kane, B.; Tobin, N.H.; Ferbas, K.G.; Aldrovandi, G.M.; et al. Longitudinal assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake among frontline medical workers in Los Angeles, California. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 74, ciab614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unroe, K.T.; Evans, R.; Weaver, L.; Rusyniak, D.; Blackburn, J. Willingness of Long-Term Care Staff to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Single State Survey. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2021, 69, 593–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.; Li, B.; Li, N.; Li, B.; Chen, P.; Hao, F.; Sun, C. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine Among High-Risk Occupations in a Port City of China and Multifaceted Strategies for Increasing Vaccination Coverage: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2022, 15, 643–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nafilyan, V.; Dolby, T.; Finning, K.; Morgan, J.; Edge, R.; Glickman, M.; Pearce, N.; van Tongeren, M. Differences in COVID-19 vaccination coverage by occupation in England: A national linked data study. medRxiv 2021, preprint. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henneberger, P.K.; Cox-Ganser, J.M.; Guthrie, G.M.; Groth, C.P. Estimates of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in major occupational groups and detailed occupational categories in the United States, April–May 2021. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2022, 65, 525–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nowalk, M.P.; Lin, C.J.; Toback, S.L.; Rousculp, M.D.; Eby, C.; Raymund, M.; Zimmerman, R.K. Improving influenza vaccination rates in the workplace: A randomized trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2010, 38, 237–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moher, M.; Hey, K.; Lancaster, T. Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003, 2, CD003440, Erratum in Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005, 2, CD003440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U.S. Census Bureau. State & County Quick Facts: Harris County, Texas 2021. Available online: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/harrisoncountytexas,US/PST045221 (accessed on 7 April 2022).
- Census Bureau. Geographic Areas Reference Manual, Chapter 10: Census Tracts and Block Numbering Areas; Census Bureau: Suitland, MD, USA, 1994.
- Census. American Community Survey Information Guide. 2017. Available online: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/acs/about/ACS_Information_Guide.pdf (accessed on 20 April 2019).
- Cameron, A.C.; Trivedi, P.K. Regression Analysis of Count Data; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013; Volume 53. [Google Scholar]
- King, W.C.; Rubinstein, M.; Reinhart, A.; Mejia, R. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-May 2021 among 18–64 year old US adults by employment and occupation. Prev. Med. Rep. 2021, 24, 101569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- La Vecchia, C.; Negri, E.; Alicandro, G.; Scarpino, V. Attitudes towards influenza vaccine and a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Italy and differences across occupational groups, September 2020. Med. Lav. 2020, 111, 445–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cutler, D.M.; Lleras-Muney, A. Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence; National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper; National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006; p. 12352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altman, E.J.; Kiron, D.; Schwartz, J.; Jones, R. The Future of Work is through Workforce Ecosystem; MIT Sloan Management Review: Cambridge, MA, USA, January 2021; ISBN 53863MIT62315. Available online: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-future-of-work-is-through-workforce-ecosystems/ (accessed on 10 January 2022).
- Nguyen, L.H.; Joshi, A.D.; Drew, D.A.; Merino, J.; Ma, W.; Lo, C.H.; Kwon, S.; Wang, K.; Graham, M.S.; Polidori, L.; et al. Self-reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among participants from different racial and ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 636, Erratum in Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ishimaru, T.; Okawara, M.; Ando, H.; Hino, A.; Nagata, T.; Tateishi, S.; Tsuji, M.; Matsuda, S.; Fujino, Y.; CORoNaWork Project. Gender differences in the determinants of willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine among the working-age population in Japan. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2021, 17, 3975–3981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farah, W.; Breeher, L.; Shah, V.; Hainy, C.; Tommaso, C.P.; Swift, M.D. Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine 2022, 40, 2749–2754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Original US Standard Occupational Groups | Reclassification for Statistical Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Community/Social Service | 1 | Social Service/Protective Services |
2 | Protective Service | ||
3 | Healthcare Practitioner/Technician | 2 | Healthcare Practitioner/Technician |
4 | Healthcare Support | 3 | Healthcare Support |
5 | Management | 4 | Business/Management/Legal |
6 | Business/Financial | ||
7 | Legal | ||
8 | Computer/Mathematical | 5 | Computer/Engineering/Life/Physical/Social Science |
9 | Architecture/Engineering | ||
10 | Life/Physical/Social Science | ||
11 | Arts/Design/Entertainment/Sports/Media | 6 | Arts/Design/Entertainment/Sports/Media |
12 | Office/Administrative Support | 7 | Office/Administrative Support |
13 | Farming/Fishing/Forestry | 8 | Farming/Fishing/Forestry |
14 | Building/Grounds Cleaning/Maintenance | 9 | Building/Installation/Maintenance/Repair |
15 | Installation/Maintenance/Repair | ||
16 | Construction/Extraction | 10 | Construction/Extraction/Production |
17 | Production | ||
18 | Transportation/Material Moving | 11 | Transportation/Material Moving |
19 | Food Preparation/Serving Related | 12 | Food Preparation/Serving Related |
20 | Personal Care/Services | 13 | Personal Care/Service |
21 | Sales/Sales Related | 14 | Sales/Sales Related |
22 | Education/Training/Library | 15 | Education/Training/Library |
Occupational Groups | Bivariate Analysis a | Multivariable Analysis a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | 95% CI | p-Value | IRR b | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Social Service/Protective Services | 0.99 | 0.97–0.99 | < 0.001 | 0.996 | 0.988–1.005 | 0.399 |
Healthcare Practitioner/Technician | 1.03 | 1.02–1.03 | < 0.001 | 1.008 | 1.003–1.014 | 0.001 |
Healthcare Support | 0.96 | 0.96–0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.998 | 0.989–1.007 | 0.693 |
Business/Management/Legal | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | < 0.001 | 1.011 | 1.008–1.013 | < 0.001 |
Computer/Engineering/Life/Physical/Social Science | 1.03 | 1.02–1.03 | < 0.001 | 1.018 | 1.013–1.023 | < 0.001 |
Arts/Design/Entertainment/Sports/Media | 1.08 | 1.06–1.09 | < 0.001 | 1.031 | 1.018–1.044 | < 0.001 |
Office/Administrative Support | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001 | 0.997 | 0.993–1.001 | 0.089 |
Farming/Fishing/Forestry | 0.93 | 0.90–0.96 | < 0.001 | 0.989 | 0.958–1.021 | 0.485 |
Building/Installation/Maintenance/Repair | 0.98 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.991 | 0.987–0.995 | < 0.001 |
Construction/Extraction/Production | 0.99 | 0.98–0.99 | < 0.001 | 0.991 | 0.988–0.995 | < 0.001 |
Transportation/Material Moving | 0.97 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.992 | 0.987–0.997 | 0.002 |
Food Preparation/Serving Related | 0.98 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.995 | 0.990–0.999 | 0.023 |
Personal Care/Services | 0.98 | 0.97–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.991 | 0.985–0.998 | 0.017 |
Sales/Sales Related | 1.01 | 1.01–0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.994–1.004 | 0.658 |
Education/Training/Library | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | < 0.001 | 1.002 | 0.995–1.008 | 0.628 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sokale, I.; Alvarez, J.; Rosales, O.; Bakota, E.; Amos, C.I.; Badr, H.; Oluyomi, A.O. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among US Adults According to Standard Occupational Groups. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071000
Sokale I, Alvarez J, Rosales O, Bakota E, Amos CI, Badr H, Oluyomi AO. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among US Adults According to Standard Occupational Groups. Vaccines. 2022; 10(7):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071000
Chicago/Turabian StyleSokale, Itunu, Juan Alvarez, Omar Rosales, Eric Bakota, Christopher I. Amos, Hoda Badr, and Abiodun O. Oluyomi. 2022. "COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among US Adults According to Standard Occupational Groups" Vaccines 10, no. 7: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071000