Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions among South Carolina Residents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total Population (n = 10,626) n (%) | Vaccinated (n = 7432) n (%) | Unvaccinated (n = 3194) n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age Range | <0.001 | |||
<40 years | 1090 (10.5) | 529 (7.3) | 561 (18.3) | |
40–59 years | 3043 (29.4) | 1795 (24.6) | 1248 (40.6) | |
60+ years | 6233 (60.1) | 4970 (68.1) | 1263 (41.1) | |
Gender | <0.001 | |||
Female | 5927 (55.8) | 4182 (56.7) | 1745 (54.6) | |
Male | 4383 (41.3) | 3081 (41.5) | 1302 (40.8) | |
Other or prefer not to say | 316 (3.0) | 169 (2.3) | 147 (4.6) | |
Race/Ethnicity * | ||||
Hispanic/Latinx | 154 (1.5) | 95 (1.3) | 59 (1.8) | 0.5 |
White/Caucasian | 8856 (83.3) | 6345 (85.4) | 2511 (78.6) | 0.002 |
Black/African American | 718 (6.8) | 449 (6.0) | 269 (8.4) | 0.2 |
Behaviors and Attitudes | ||||
Think COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 7988 (75.4) | 6545 (88.3) | 1443 (45.4) | <0.001 |
Think COVID-19 vaccines are effective | 8040 (76.0) | 6512 (88.0) | 1528 (48.1) | <0.001 |
Know friends or family who have had COVID-19 | 7522 (70.8) | 5161 (69.4) | 2.361 (73.9) | <0.001 |
Been tested for COVID-19 | 6807 (64.1) | 4729 (63.7) | 2078 (65.1) | 0.2 |
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 1527 (22.5) | 858 (18.2) | 669 (32.3) | <0.001 |
Been tested for COVID-19 antibodies | 1537 (14.5) | 1137 (15.3) | 400 (12.6) | <0.001 |
Tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies | 423 (27.9) | 299 (26.7) | 124 (31.3) | 0.08 |
Levels of concern about household or self getting infected with COVID-19 | <0.001 | |||
Concerned/very concerned | 5026 (47.9) | 3548 (48.2) | 1478 (47.2) | |
A little concerned | 3866 (36.9) | 2787 (37.9) | 1079 (34.4) | |
Not concerned | 1598 (15.2) | 1020 (13.9) | 578 (18.4) | |
Levels of concern about spread of COVID-19 in community | <0.001 | |||
Concerned/very concerned | 6901 (65.8) | 5104 (69.4) | 1797 (57.3) | |
A little concerned | 2725 (26.0) | 1817 (24.7) | 908 (29.0) | |
Not concerned | 865 (8.3) | 435 (5.9) | 430 (13.7) | |
Health Problems | ||||
Hypertension | 3721 (35.0) | 2823 (38.0) | 898 (28.1) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 1427 (13.4) | 1264 (17.0) | 163 (5.1) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 1210 (11.4) | 935 (12.6) | 275 (8.6) | <0.001 |
Asthma | 893 (8.4) | 642 (8.6) | 251 (7.9) | 0.2 |
Heart disease | 829 (7.8) | 673 (9.1) | 156 (4.9) | <0.001 |
Immunocompromising condition | 559 (5.3) | 428 (5.8) | 131 (4.1) | <0.001 |
Lung disease | 393 (3.7) | 291 (3.9) | 102 (3.2) | 0.07 |
Blood clotting disorder | 177 (1.7) | 114 (1.5) | 63 (2.0) | 0.1 |
Work | ||||
Essential worker | 1696 (16.0) | 1054 (14.2) | 642 (20.1) | <0.001 |
Front-line medical care worker | 660 (6.2) | 548 (7.4) | 112 (3.5) | <0.001 |
Works at nursing home/rehab center/long-term care facility | 91 (0.9) | 70 (0.9) | 21 (0.7) | 0.1 |
Household Income | <0.001 | |||
Less than USD 50,000 | 1852 (17.4) | 1219 (16.4) | 633 (19.8) | |
USD 50,000–99,999 | 2960 (27.9) | 2066 (27.8) | 894 (28.0) | |
USD 100,000 or more | 3023 (28.5) | 2194 (29.5) | 829 (26.0) | |
Motivators to getting vaccinated | ||||
Protecting themselves | 8287 (78.0) | 6664 (89.7) | 1623 (50.8) | <0.001 |
Doing their part to control pandemic | 7569 (71.2) | 6042 (81.3) | 1527 (47.8) | <0.001 |
Protecting high-risk friends/family | 6317 (59.5) | 4947 (66.6) | 1370 (42.9) | <0.001 |
Concerned about exposure in community | 6077 (57.2) | 4930 (66.3) | 1147 (35.9) | <0.001 |
Serve as example for others to get vaccinated | 5080 (47.8) | 4159 (56.0) | 921 (28.8) | <0.001 |
Concerned about exposure at work/school | 3273 (30.8) | 2513 (33.8) | 760 (23.8) | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Intend to Vaccinate (n = 2002) n(%) | Do not intend to Vaccinate (n = 1054) n(%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age Range | <0.001 | ||
<40 years | 329 (17.0) | 217 (21.6) | |
40–59 years | 736 (38.0) | 457 (45.6) | |
60+ years | 874 (45.1) | 329 (32.8) | |
Gender | 0.03 | ||
Female | 1064 (53.2) | 595 (56.5) | |
Male | 857 (42.8) | 403 (38.2) | |
Other or prefer not to say | 81 (4.1) | 56 (5.3) | |
Race/Ethnicity * | |||
Hispanic/Latinx | 42 (2.2) | 16 (1.7) | 0.1 |
White/Caucasian | 1589 (83.8) | 825 (86.0) | 0.8 |
Black/African American | 186 (9.8) | 68 (7.1) | 0.002 |
Behaviors and Attitudes | |||
Think COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 1365 (68.4) | 61 (5.8) | <0.001 |
Think COVID-19 vaccines are effective | 1358 (68.2) | 141 (13.4) | <0.001 |
Know friends or family who have had COVID-19 | 1428 (71.3) | 827 (78.5) | <0.001 |
Been tested for COVID-19 antibodies | 253 (12.7) | 127 (12.1) | 0.7 |
Been tested for COVID-19 | 1251 (62.6) | 730 (69.3) | <0.001 |
Tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies | 59 (23.6) | 59 (46.8) | <0.001 |
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 292 (23.4) | 335 (46.1) | <0.001 |
Levels of concern about household or self getting infected with COVID-19 | <0.001 | ||
Concerned/very concerned | 1163 (59.1) | 254 (24.6) | |
A little concerned | 627 (31.8) | 400 (38.8) | |
Not concerned | 179 (9.1) | 378 (36.6) | |
Levels of concern about spread of COVID-19 in community | <0.001 | ||
Concerned or very concerned | 1420 (72.1) | 309 (29.9) | |
A little concerned | 451 (22.9) | 406 (39.3) | |
Not concerned | 99 (5.0) | 317 (30.7) | |
Health Problems | |||
Asthma | 165 (8.2) | 75 (7.1) | 0.3 |
Blood clotting disorder | 35 (1.8) | 23 (2.2) | 0.4 |
Diabetes | 200 (10.0) | 66 (6.3) | 0.001 |
Heart disease | 110 (5.5) | 43 (4.1) | 0.09 |
Hypertension | 625 (31.2) | 234 (22.2) | <0.001 |
Immunocompromising condition | 84 (4.2) | 38 (3.6) | 0.4 |
Lung disease | 83 (4.2) | 18 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Obesity | 61 (3.1) | 84 (8.0) | <0.001 |
Other | 247 (12.3) | 104 (9.9) | 0.04 |
Work | |||
Works at nursing home/rehab center/long-term care facility | 10 (0.5) | 11 (1.0) | 0.08 |
Front-line medical care worker | 48 (2.4) | 60 (5.7) | <0.001 |
Essential worker | 359 (17.9) | 256 (24.3) | <0.001 |
Household Income | <0.001 | ||
Less than USD 50,000 | 402 (20.1) | 203 (19.3) | |
USD 50,000–99,999 | 575 (28.7) | 279 (26.5) | |
USD 100,000 or more | 585 (29.2) | 228 (21.6) | |
Survey phase | <0.001 | ||
1: 4 November–31 December 2020 # | 0 | 0 | |
2: 1 February–4 March 2021 | 1522 (85.4) | 261 (14.6) | |
3: 1 May–28 June 2021 | 167 (40.1) | 250 (59.9) | |
4: 1 August–30 September 2021 | 235 (32.7) | 484 (67.3) |
Factors | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age Range | ||||||
<40 years | 0.57 | 0.46–0.71 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.42–0.75 | <0.001 |
40–59 years | 0.61 | 0.51–0.72 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.54–0.87 | 0.002 |
60+ years | Ref | Ref | ||||
Gender | ||||||
Female | Ref | Ref | ||||
Male | 1.19 | 1.02–1.39 | 0.03 | 1.13 | 0.91–1.40 | 0.3 |
Other or prefer not to say | 1.68 | 0.66–4.25 | 0.3 | 6.62 | 2.10–20.86 | 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
Hispanic/Latinx | 1.33 | 0.74–2.39 | 0.3 | |||
White/Caucasian | 0.99 | 0.81–1.21 | 0.9 | |||
Black/African American | 1.46 | 1.10–1.96 | 0.01 | 1.38 | 0.95–1.99 | 0.09 |
Behaviors and Attitudes | ||||||
Think COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 34.75 | 26.26–45.99 | <0.001 | 13.0 | 9.25–18.38 | <0.001 |
Think COVID-19 vaccines are effective | 13.41 | 10.95–16.43 | <0.001 | 2.83 | 2.12–3.77 | <0.001 |
Been tested for COVID-19 antibodies | 1.09 | 0.86–1.37 | 0.5 | |||
Been tested for COVID-19 | 0.73 | 0.62–0.86 | <0.001 | |||
Know friends or family who have had COVID-19 | 0.66 | 0.55–0.80 | <0.001 | |||
Tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies | 0.50 | 0.34–0.73 | <0.001 | |||
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 0.37 | 0.31–0.45 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.55–0.90 | 0.006 |
Levels of concern about household or self getting infected with COVID-19 | ||||||
Not concerned | Ref | Ref | ||||
A little concerned | 3.32 | 2.67–4.15 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 1.35–2.61 | <0.001 |
Concerned/very concerned | 9.73 | 7.75–12.22 | <0.001 | 2.63 | 1.80–3.85 | <0.001 |
Levels of concern about spread of COVID-19 in community | ||||||
Not concerned | Ref | Ref | ||||
A little concerned | 3.63 | 2.78–4.74 | <0.001 | 2.78 | 1.91–4.05 | <0.001 |
Concerned/very concerned | 14.93 | 11.49–19.41 | <0.001 | 4.83 | 3.19–7.31 | <0.001 |
Health Problems | ||||||
Asthma | 1.12 | 0.84–1.49 | 0.4 | |||
Blood clotting disorder | 0.78 | 0.46–1.33 | 0.4 | |||
Diabetes | 1.61 | 1.21–2.16 | 0.001 | |||
Heart disease | 1.32 | 0.92–1.89 | 0.1 | |||
Hypertension | 1.54 | 1.29–1.84 | <0.001 | |||
Immunocompromising condition | 1.14 | 0.77–1.68 | 0.5 | |||
Lung disease | 2.45 | 1.46–4.10 | 0.001 | |||
Obesity | 0.36 | 0.25–0.50 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 0.34–0.81 | 0.004 |
Other | 1.28 | 1.00–1.63 | 0.05 | |||
Work | ||||||
Works at nursing home/rehab center/long-term care facility | 0.47 | 0.20–1.10 | 0.08 | |||
Front-line medical care worker | 0.40 | 0.27–0.59 | <0.001 | |||
Essential worker | 0.67 | 0.55–0.80 | <0.001 | |||
Household Income | ||||||
Less than USD 50,000 | Ref | |||||
USD 50,000–99,999 | 1.06 | 0.85–1.32 | 0.6 | |||
USD 100,000 or more | 1.30 | 1.03–1.63 | 0.03 | |||
Survey Phase | ||||||
2: 1 February–4 March 2021 | Ref | |||||
3: 1 May–28 June 2021 | 0.11 | 0.09–0.15 | <0.001 | |||
4: 1 August– 30 September 2021 | 0.08 | 0.07–0.10 | <0.001 |
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Kanyangarara, M.; McAbee, L.; Daguise, V.G.; Nolan, M.S. Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions among South Carolina Residents. Vaccines 2022, 10, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060942
Kanyangarara M, McAbee L, Daguise VG, Nolan MS. Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions among South Carolina Residents. Vaccines. 2022; 10(6):942. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060942
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanyangarara, Mufaro, Lauren McAbee, Virginie G. Daguise, and Melissa S. Nolan. 2022. "Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions among South Carolina Residents" Vaccines 10, no. 6: 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060942