Reanalysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Promoting Influenza Vaccination in General Practice Waiting Rooms: A Zelen Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Main Outcome
3.2. Secondary Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Category | Intervention Group | Control Group | Zelen Group | P (i-c) adj | P (z-c) adj | P (z-i) adj |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3430) | (n = 6620) | (n = 12,974) | |||||
mean or % [95% CI] | mean or % [95% CI] | mean or % [95% CI] | |||||
Age | years | 70.3 [68.7; 71.9] | 69.9 [68.9; 70.8] | 69.7 [68.9; 70.5] | 0.687 | 0.751 | 0.524 |
Gender | male | 44.9% [42.2; 47.5] | 43.7% [42.2; 45.3] | 44.7% [43.4; 45.9] | 0.465 | 0.353 | 0.889 |
Age ≥ 65 | yes | 76.0% [71.9; 80.0] | 76.0% [73.5; 78.6] | 75.1% [72.7; 77.4] | 0.979 | 0.58 | 0.704 |
Chronic condition | yes | 74.0 [70.9; 77.1] | 74.7 [72.7; 76.8] | 75.8 [74.3; 77.2] | 0.700 | 0.413 | 0.314 |
Category | Intervention | Control | Zelen | P (i-c) | P (z-c) | P (z-i) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3430) | (n = 6620) | (n = 12,974) | ||||
% [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | ||||
2013–2014 (baseline) | 49.8% [45.9; 53.7] | 50.0% [47.8; 52.3] | 52.5% [50.3; 54.7] | 0.904 | 0.131 | 0.241 |
2014–2015 (intervention) | 55.7% [52.6; 58.8] | 54.1% [51.0; 56.3] | 55.1% [53.6; 56.7] | 0.408 | 0.444 | 0.748 |
2015–2016 | 64.0% [60.7; 67.2] | 67.3% [65.6; 69.1] | 67.4% [65.8; 68.9] | 0.078 | 0.989 | 0.067 |
2016–2017 | 70.9% [66.9; 74.9] | 70.0% [65.7; 74.3] | 70.5% [68.1; 72.9] | 0.763 | 0.851 | 0.856 |
Comparison | Estimate (RR) | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|
Intervention vs. Zelen | 1.065 | [1.020; 1.113] | 0.0043 |
Intervention vs. control | 1.037 | [0.988; 1.087] | 0.141 |
Control vs. Zelen | 1.029 | [0.995; 1.064] | 0.09943 |
Characteristic | Estimate (OR) | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|
Vaccination in the previous year | 3.50 | [3.28; 3.73] | <0.001 |
Characteristic | <65 (with chronic condition) | ≥65 (without chronic condition) | ≥65 (with chroniccondition) |
RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | RR [95% CI] | |
Age | 1.002 [1.001; 1.004] | 0.996 [0.994; 0.997] | 0.993 [0.992; 0.994] |
Gender | 1.021 [0.998; 1.045] | 0.948 [0.928; 0.970] | 0.990 [0.976; 1.004] |
Age Category (Baseline) | n (Baseline) | 2013–2014 (Baseline) | 2014–2015 | 2015–2016 | 2016–2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | ||
[65, 69] | 2672 | 51.9 [49.5; 54.4] | 57.7 [55.6; 59.8] | 73.7 [71.7; 75.7] | 75.6 [72.5; 78.7] |
[70, 74] | 1922 | 57.3 [54.6; 60.1] | 62.3 [59.7; 64.9] | 74.3 [72.2; 76.5] | 74.3 [71.5; 77.1] |
[75, 79] | 2266 | 58.1 [55.6; 60.5] | 60.6 [58.2; 63.0] | 74.2 [72.1; 76.3] | 71.0 [68.5; 73.5] |
[80, 84] | 2045 | 59.9 [57.2; 62.6] | 61.2 [58.8; 63.7] | 69.4 [67.0; 71.8] | 67.8 [65.4; 70.3] |
[85, 89] | 1378 | 59.7 [56.5; 62.9] | 59.6 [56.4; 62.8] | 61.6 [58.8; 64.5] | 57.8 [54.7; 61.0] |
[90, 94] | 604 | 61.6 [57.7; 65.5] | 55.6 [51.2; 60.0] | 54.5 [49.7; 59.2] | 47.8 [43.5; 52.2] |
[95, 105] | 74 | 70.3 [58.9; 81.6] | 51.4 [41.6; 61.1] | 37.8 [27.6; 48.0] | 21.6 [11.9; 31.3] |
Age Category (Baseline) | n (Baseline) | 2013–2014 (Baseline) | 2014–2015 | 2015–2016 | 2016–2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | ||
[65, 69] | 1770 | 46.3 [43.4; 49.1] | 52.7 [50.3; 55.1] | 66.7 [64.2; 69.2] | 75.7 [73.2; 78.2] |
[70, 74] | 1092 | 51.2 [47.7; 54.7] | 58.1 [55.0; 61.1] | 72.1 [69.0; 75.2] | 79.5 [76.0; 83.0] |
[75, 79] | 1156 | 54.0 [50.7; 57.2] | 59.7 [56.6; 62.8] | 73.6 [70.8; 76.5] | 77.7 [74.0; 81.3] |
[80, 84] | 880 | 55.1 [51.1; 59.1] | 57.6 [54.3; 60.9] | 68.8 [65.3; 72.2] | 78.2 [75.0; 81.4] |
[85, 89] | 542 | 57.6 [53.0; 62.2] | 57.7 [53.2; 62.3] | 63.8 [59.8; 67.9] | 69.4 [65.6; 73.1] |
[90, 94] | 230 | 53.5 [45.8; 61.1] | 46.5 [41.0; 52.0] | 57.8 [52.2; 63.4] | 54.3 [47.1; 61.6] |
[95, 105] | 39 | 69.2 [54.6; 83.9] | 43.6 [27.4; 59.8] | 43.6 [29.2; 57.9] | 35.9 [20.3; 51.5] |
Age Category (Baseline) | n (Baseline) | 2013–2014 (Baseline) | 2014–2015 | 2015–2016 | 2016–2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | ||
[16, 24] | 166 | 33.7 [26.2; 41.2] | 38.0 [30.3; 45.6] | 41.0 [33.2; 48.7] | 43.4 [35.8; 51.0] |
[25, 29] | 175 | 26.3 [19.6; 33.0] | 32.6 [25.7; 39.5] | 39.4 [32.3; 46.6] | 50.9 [43.4; 58.3] |
[30, 34] | 189 | 32.3 [26.0; 38.5] | 32.3 [25.9; 38.7] | 45.5 [37.7; 53.3] | 50.3 [43.2; 57.3] |
[35, 39] | 270 | 33.3 [27.4; 39.2] | 37.8 [31.6; 44.0] | 47.0 [40.7; 53.4] | 57.0 [50.2; 63.8] |
[40, 44] | 385 | 40.0 [34.4; 45.6] | 42.9 [37.7; 48.0] | 50.4 [45.6; 55.2 | 62.6 [57.1; 68.1 |
[45, 49] | 595 | 43.2 [38.8; 47.6] | 46.6 [42.5; 50.6] | 54.6 [50.7; 58.5] | 65.9 [62.2; 69.5] |
[50, 54] | 922 | 44.0 [40.7; 47.4] | 45.0 [41.6; 48.4] | 58.9 [55.8; 62.0] | 68.9 [65.7; 72.1] |
[55, 59] | 1365 | 46.4 [43.1; 49.6] | 47.8 [45.1; 50.6] | 65.0 [62.2; 67.7] | 70.6 [67.4; 73.8] |
[60, 64] | 2287 | 39.2 [36.9; 41.5] | 47.9 [46.0; 49.8] | 64.1 [61.8; 66.4] | 74.9 [72.1; 77.7] |
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Berkhout, C.; De Man, J.; Collins, C.; Willefert-Bouche, A.; Zgorska-Maynard Moussa, S.; Badelon, M.; Peremans, L.; Van Royen, P. Reanalysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Promoting Influenza Vaccination in General Practice Waiting Rooms: A Zelen Design. Vaccines 2022, 10, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050826
Berkhout C, De Man J, Collins C, Willefert-Bouche A, Zgorska-Maynard Moussa S, Badelon M, Peremans L, Van Royen P. Reanalysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Promoting Influenza Vaccination in General Practice Waiting Rooms: A Zelen Design. Vaccines. 2022; 10(5):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050826
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerkhout, Christophe, Jeroen De Man, Claire Collins, Amy Willefert-Bouche, Suzanna Zgorska-Maynard Moussa, Margot Badelon, Lieve Peremans, and Paul Van Royen. 2022. "Reanalysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial on Promoting Influenza Vaccination in General Practice Waiting Rooms: A Zelen Design" Vaccines 10, no. 5: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050826