The Effect of Message Framing on COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions among the Younger Age Population Groups: Results from an Experimental Study in the Italian Context
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design and Measures
- -
- The level of COVID-19 concern: three items ad hoc were used to assess the level of concern towards (1) COVID-19 emergency (“How much are you concerned about the COVID-19 emergency?”); (2) the risk to be infected by COVID-19 (“How much are you concerned about the risk of being infected?”); (3) the risk of infecting others (“How much are you worried about the risk of infecting other people?”). These items were measured on a 10-point scale (0 = not concerned at all; 10 = very concerned).
- -
- The level of Health Engagement: the first item of the Public Health Engagement Scale for Emergency Settings (PHEs-E) [28] was adopted to assess the readiness of individuals to adhere to the public health prescriptions to control the virus spread. The item was measured on a 7-point scale (1 = I′m in a panic; 7 = I feel in control).
- -
- The level of conspiracy mentality [29] was measured through an adaptation of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale [27]. Five items were adapted to this study and measured on a scale from 1 (absolutely not) to 100 (absolutely yes). An example of item is “I think that many important things happen in the world that people are not informed about”. The scale showed a very good reliability (Cronbach Alpha of 0.824).
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of the Source of Message (Virologist or Influencer) and Type of Communication Frame (Personal Health Risks, Collective Public Health, and Economic Costs) on the Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine
3.2. Impact of the Source of Message (Virologist or Influencer) and Type of Communcation Frame (Personal Health Risks, Collective Public Health, and Economic Costs) on the Trust in Vaccines
3.3. Impact of the Source of Message (Virologist or Influencer) and Type of Communication Frame (Personal Health Risks, Collective Public Health, and Economic Costs) on the Attitudes towards Vaccines
3.4. Predictors of Vaccination Intention in Young People
4. Discussion
Future Research and Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Frame | Virologist | Influencer |
---|---|---|
Personal Risk | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? You are risking your health”! So declares Professor Benati, a virologist at the Ferravalle Hospital. “According to our research -the professor adds-, people who do not get vaccinated against COVID-19 have a high risk of contracting several long-term health complications. With a disease like COVID-19, the risk should not only be assessed in terms of the number of deaths; in fact, we talk about a multisystem disease, which can cause damage to various organs of the body. moreover, there is no evidence on the long-term scientific effects of COVID. Our research is leading to show that a 30-year-old is more likely to have long-term consequences after COVID (such as chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal problems, etc.) than the risk of death for a 60-year-old. So, for this reason, it is essential that all young people for whom there are no medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as possible!” | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? Ask someone who has contracted the virus! “ So declare, Fedez and Chiara Ferragni. “This afternoon- add the Ferragnez- Marco, a 28-year-old boy, wrote to us and we want to share his experience with all of you. Oh yes, his quarantine began in October, among illness, COVID swab and the hope of being told “it′s all over”. Marco told us that at the beginning he was sure that everything would last a few days and instead when the classic symptoms disappeared, the indelible signs of COVID showed up: headache, joint pain, exhaustion and cough. Endless days of confinement in which you feel like you′re on a swing, between moments of apparent well-being and states of total discomfort. We hope, as the Ferragnez say, that this experience will be a warning to everyone. This is not an ordinary flu but a disease that leaves its marks even in the long term. So, for this very reason, it is essential that all young people for whom there are no medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as it is their turn! |
Risk To The Collective Health | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? Prepare for more deaths and hospitalizations ”! So declares Professor Miravalle, virologist at the Ripali Hospital. “According to our research- adds the Professor- at least 3 out of 4 Italians must receive the COVID-19 vaccine to reduce the spread of the new coronavirus and bring mortality and hospitalization rates down to pre-pandemic levels. Out of 4 Italians choose not to receive the vaccine, mortality and hospitalizations will continue to increase and this means that we will not be able to achieve herd immunity as many Italians will continue to contract and spread COVID-19. If we want to end this pandemic, we need young people to get vaccinated too. So, for this very reason, it is essential that all young people, for whom there are no medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as it is their turn!” | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? Tell the people who depend on your choice not to get sick “! So declare Chiara Ferragni and Fedez. “In these days, -add the Ferragnez-Sofia, a law student currently undergoing chemotherapy treatments to fight leukemia, wrote to us. Since she cannot get the COVID-19 vaccine and therefore has a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 in severe forms, which is why her health depends largely on the health of others! By vaccinating, we will be able to stop the spread of COVID-19. This reduces the chances that people like Sofia, who cannot develop antibodies to the virus, will get sick. So, it is essential that all young people, who are not against medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as it is their turn! |
Economic Risk | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? Get ready for a slower economic recovery ”! So declares Professor Rissori, virologist at the Piemmolo Hospital. “According to our research- adds the Professor- to ensure a rapid economic recovery at least 3 out of 4 Italians must receive the COVID-19 vaccine. If more than 1 in 4 Italians choose not to receive the vaccine, Italy will be forced to continue the gradual closure of activities to stop the spread of the virus. This could cause millions of Italians to lose their jobs. If we want to put an end to the economic difficulties that this pandemic has unleashed, we need Italians to get vaccinated. So, for this very reason, it is essential that all young people for whom there are no medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as it is their turn!” | “Are you thinking of not getting the COVID-19 vaccine? Tell someone who lost their job ”! So declare Chiara Ferragni and Fedez. This afternoon, the Ferragnezes add, “Luca, 27, a graduate in Economics and Management, wrote to us, who lost his job due to the coronavirus last March. Although his company was able to allow some employees to work from home, he was one of the unfortunates few who lost their jobs due to massive budget cuts as the newcomer. Luca barely has enough money set aside to pay the rent and this situation forced him to return to live at home with his parents asking them for support. Although he is actively looking for a new job, there are simply not many opportunities. If a sufficient number of people decide to get vaccinated, we can stop the spread of COVID-19 and start the economy again and avoid consequences like the one described by Luca. So, for this very reason, it is essential that all young people for whom there are no medical indications, get the vaccine as soon as it is their turn!” |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
| ||
Males | 61 | 29.3 |
Femalesz | 147 | 70.7 |
| ||
19–30 | 184 | 88.3 |
31–42 | 24 | 11.7 |
| ||
North | 147 | 70.6 |
Center | 24 | 11.5 |
South | 37 | 17.8 |
| ||
Student | 108 | 51.9 |
Worker | 100 | 48.1 |
| ||
Before Graduation | 58 | 27.9 |
After Graduation | 150 | 72.1 |
| ||
Single | 174 | 83.7 |
Married/Cohabitant | 34 | 16.3 |
| ||
Low (1–3) | 15 | 7.2 |
Medium (4–7) | 69 | 33.2 |
High (8–10) | 124 | 59.6 |
| ||
Low (1–3) | 36 | 17.3 |
Medium (4–7) | 78 | 37.5 |
High (8–10) | 94 | 45.2 |
| ||
Low (1–3) | 7 | 3.4 |
Medium (4–7) | 39 | 18.7 |
High (8–10) | 162 | 77.9 |
| ||
I am in panic | 3 | 1.4 |
2 | 1 | 0.5 |
I feel the urge to do something | 23 | 11.1 |
4 | 6 | 2.9 |
I try to stay calm | 130 | 62.5 |
6 | 7 | 3.4 |
I feel in control | 38 | 18.3 |
| ||
I think that many important things happen in the world that people are not informed about | (M = 72.5; SD = 23.4) | |
politicians often do not tell us the real reasons behind their decisions | (M = 72.1; SD = 25.8) | |
events that superficially appear to be unrelated are often the result of secret activities | (M = 37.6; SD = 28.9) | |
I think there are secret organizations that exert an important influence on political decisions | (M = 41.6; SD = 31.5) | |
I think government agencies closely monitor citizens | (M = 48.2; SD = 28.2) |
Personal Health Risks | Collective Public Health | Economic Costs | Average Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Virologist | 85.52 a A | 85.38 a A | 85.21 a A | 85.37 A |
Influencer | 84.10 a,b B | 85.73 a A | 83.94 b B | 84.59 A |
Average intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine | 84.81 a,b | 85.55 a | 84.58 b | - |
Personal Health Risks | Collective Public Health | Economic Costs | Average Trust in Vaccines | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Virologist | 3.27 | 3.27 | 3.25 | 3.27 |
Influencer | 3.28 | 3.24 | 3.25 | 3.26 |
Average trust in vaccines | 3.28 | 3.26 | 3.26 | - |
Personal Health Risks | Collective Public Health | Economic Costs | Average Attitudes towards Vaccines | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Virologist | 5.95 | 5.99 | 5.99 | 5.98 |
Influencer | 6.01 | 5.96 | 5.98 | 5.98 |
Average Attitudes towards vaccines | 5.98 | 5.98 | 5.99 | - |
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B(se) | β | p-Value | B(se) | β | p-Value | B(se) | β | p-Value | |
Socio-demographic | |||||||||
Gender | 4.860 (4.004) | 0.086 | 0.226 | −2.262 (3.981) | −0.040 | 0.571 | −1.116 (3.122) | −0.011 | 0.837 |
Educational level (low; high) | −0.590 (4.020) | −0.010 | 0.883 | −2.594 (3.723) | −0.045 | 0.487 | −1.960 (2.925) | −0.034 | 0.510 |
Profession (student; worker) | −4.817 (3.666) | −0.093 | 0.190 | −3.541 (3.433) | −0.069 | 0.303 | 0.763 (2.714) | 0.016 | 0.766 |
Concern | |||||||||
for the epidemic | 4.531 (0.945) | 0.371 | 0.000 | 2.742 (0.761) | 0.225 | 0.000 | |||
of being infected | −0.712 (0.749) | −0.080 | 0.342 | −0.956 (0.608) | −0.109 | 0.113 | |||
of infecting others | 2.343 (1.011) | 0.173 | 0.021 | 1.711 (0.797) | 0.126 | 0.034 | |||
Psychological variables | |||||||||
Trust in vaccine | 17.789 (2.803) | 0.447 | 0.000 | ||||||
Attitude towards vaccine | 5.216 (1.629) | 0.225 | 0.002 | ||||||
Conspiracy | 0.064 (0.065) | 0.053 | 0.326 | ||||||
Health Engagement | −0.297 (1.192) | −0.014 | 0.803 | ||||||
Constant | 64.846 (19.780) | 0.001 | 50.246 (19.110) | 0.009 | −29.118 (19.735) | 0.142 | |||
Model value | F(3, 204) = 1.317, p = 0.256, R2 = 0.02, R2Adjusted = 0.005 | F(6, 201) = 7.244, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.18, R2Adjusted = 0.15 | F(10, 197) = 20.421, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.51, R2Adjusted = 0.48 | ||||||
Variation (∆R2; p-value) | 0.02; 0.270 | 0.159; p < 0.001 | 0.331; p < 0.001 |
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Betta, S.; Castellini, G.; Acampora, M.; Barello, S. The Effect of Message Framing on COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions among the Younger Age Population Groups: Results from an Experimental Study in the Italian Context. Vaccines 2022, 10, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040559
Betta S, Castellini G, Acampora M, Barello S. The Effect of Message Framing on COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions among the Younger Age Population Groups: Results from an Experimental Study in the Italian Context. Vaccines. 2022; 10(4):559. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040559
Chicago/Turabian StyleBetta, Sara, Greta Castellini, Marta Acampora, and Serena Barello. 2022. "The Effect of Message Framing on COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions among the Younger Age Population Groups: Results from an Experimental Study in the Italian Context" Vaccines 10, no. 4: 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040559
APA StyleBetta, S., Castellini, G., Acampora, M., & Barello, S. (2022). The Effect of Message Framing on COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions among the Younger Age Population Groups: Results from an Experimental Study in the Italian Context. Vaccines, 10(4), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040559