A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Participants and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Outcomes
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Sample Size Calculation
2.3.2. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Vaccine Administration Hesitancy
3.2. Vaccination Information and Side Effects
3.3. Vaccination Knowledge and Impact on Attitude and Expectations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitation of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | No. (%) |
---|---|
Age Group | |
18–25 years | 76 (19.5%) |
26–35 years | 186 (47.7%) |
36–45 years | 86 (22.1%) |
46–55 years | 16 (4.1%) |
more than 55 years | 26 (6.7%) |
Gender | |
Male | 137 (35.1%) |
Female | 253 (64.9%) |
Residence Location | |
Urban | 343 (87.9%) |
Rural | 47 (12.1%) |
Education Level | |
Mid-level Education | 6 (1.5%) |
High-level Education | 221 (56.7%) |
Postgraduate Education | 163 (41.8%) |
Profession | |
Unemployed | 55 (14.1%) |
Healthcare Worker | 290 (74.4%) |
Student | 7 (1.8%) |
Other Professions | 38 (9.7%) |
Chronic Illness | |
No | 335 (85.9%) |
Yes | 55 (14.1%) |
Non-Hesitant No. = 225 (57.7%) | Hesitant No. = 165 (42.3%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age Group | 0.204 | ||
18–25 years | 48 (63.2%) | 28 (36.8%) | |
26–35 years | 96 (51.6%) | 90 (48.4%) | |
36–45 years | 55 (63.9%) | 31 (36.1%) | |
46–55 years | 11 (68.8%) | 5 (31.2%) | |
more than 55 years | 15 (57.7%) | 11 (42.3%) | |
Gender | 0.662 | ||
Male | 77 (34.2%) | 60 (36.4%) | |
Female | 148 (65.8%) | 105 (63.6%) | |
Residence | 0.781 | ||
Urban | 197 (87.6%) | 146 (88.5%) | |
Rural | 28 (12.4%) | 19 (11.5%) | |
Profession | 0.768 | ||
Health care worker | 170 (75.6%) | 120 (72.7%) | |
Student | 3 (1.3%) | 4 (2.4%) | |
Other Profession | 20 (8.9%) | 18 (10.9%) | |
Unemployed | 32 (14.2%) | 23 (13.9%) | |
Educational Level | <0.005 | ||
Mid-level | 1 (0.4%) | 5 (3%) | |
High-level | 146 (64.9%) | 75 (45.5%) | |
Postgraduate | 78 (34.7%) | 85 (51.5%) | |
Suffer from Chronic Respiratory illness | 0.009 | ||
No | 210 (93.3%) | 163 (98.8%) | |
Yes | 15 (6.7%) | 2 (1.2%) | |
Suffer from any Chronic illness in General | 0.610 | ||
Yes | 196 (86.7%) | 140 (84.8%) | |
No | 30 (13.3%) | 25 (15.2%) |
Sinopharm No = 197 (50.5%) | Astrazeneca No = 193 (49.5%) | Total No = 390 (100%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Have you ever had COVID Infection before receiving the vaccine? | p = 0.256 | |||
No | 86 (43.7%) | 99 (51.3%) | 185 (47.4%) | |
Yes | 83 (42.1%) | 74 (38.3%) | 157 (40.3%) | |
Not Sure | 28 (14.2%) | 20 (10.4%) | 48 (12.4%) | |
Number of administered doses | p < 0.005 | |||
Administered 1 dose only | 25 (12.7%) | 107 (55.4%) | 132 (33.8%) | |
Administered 2 doses | 172 (87.3%) | 86 (44.6%) | 258 (66.2%) | |
Side effects of vaccination | p < 0.005 | |||
Never had symptoms | 78 (39.6%) | 15 (7.8%) | 93 (23.8%) | |
Experienced side effects after the first dose only | 63 (32%) | 154 (79.8%) | 217 (55.6%) | |
Experienced side effects after the second dose only | 14 (7.1%) | 1 (0.5%) | 15 (3.8%) | |
Experienced side effects after the two doses | 42 (21.3%) | 23 (11.9%) | 65 (16.7%) | |
Severity of symptoms | p < 0.005 | |||
No symptoms | 78 (39.6%) | 15 (7.8%) | 93 (23.8%) | |
Mild | 88 (33.7%) | 41 (21.2%) | 129 (33.1%) | |
Moderate | 27 (13.7%) | 81 (42%) | 108 (27.7%) | |
Severe | 4 (2%) | 56 (29%) | 60 (15.4%) | |
Duration till having symptoms | p < 0.005 | |||
No symptoms | 78 (39.6%) | 15 (7.8%) | 93 (23.8%) | |
On the first day after taking the vaccine | 65 (33%) | 108 (56%) | 173 (44.4%) | |
On the second day after taking the vaccine | 33 (16.8%) | 65 (33.7%) | 98 (25.1%) | |
Several days after receiving the vaccine | 21 (10.7%) | 5 (2.6%) | 26 (6.7%) | |
Used medications to manage post-vaccination symptoms | p < 0.005 | |||
No | 124 (62.9%) | 44 (22.8%) | 168 (43.1%) | |
Yes, paracetamol | 55 (27.9%) | 131 (67.9%) | 186 (47.7%) | |
Yes, an anti-inflammatory drug | 18 (9.1%) | 18 (9.3%) | 36 (9.2%) | |
Performing D-dimer test after Vaccination | p = 0.332 | |||
No | 186 (94.4%) | 182 (94.3%) | 368 (94.4%) | |
Yes, and it was elevated | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
Yes, and it was normal | 9 (4.6%) | 11 (5.7%) | 20 (5.1%) | |
Got COVID-19 Infected after Vaccination | p < 0.005 | |||
No | 145 (73.6%) | 177 (91.7%) | 322 (82.6%) | |
Yes | 16 (8.1%) | 2 (1%) | 18 (4.6%) | |
Not Sure | 36 (18.3%) | 14 (7.3%) | 50 (12.8%) | |
Was you infected with COVID-19 after receiving the first dose of the vaccine? | p = 0.332 | |||
No | 185 (93.9%) | 180 (93.3%) | 365 (93.6%) | |
Yes | 5 (2.5%) | 2 (1%) | 7 (1.8%) | |
Not sure | 7 (3.6%) | 11 (5.7%) | 18 (4.6%) | |
Was you infected with COVID-19 after receiving the second dose of the vaccine? | p < 0.005 | |||
No | 156 (79.2%) | 191 (99%) | 347 (89%) | |
Yes | 11 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (2.8%) | |
Not Sure | 30 (15.2%) | 2 (5.2%) | 32 (8.2%) | |
Have you confirmed that you or any of those around you have Pulmonary Embolism? | p = 0.007 | |||
No | 197 (100%) | 186 (96.4%) | 383 (98.2%) | |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 7 (3.6%) | 7 (1.8%) |
Sinopharm No = 197 (50.5%) | Astrazeneca No = 193 (49.5%) | Total No = 390 (100%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Administration of blood thinning medication before vaccination as a precautionary measure | p = 0.005 | |||
No | 188 (95.4%) | 169 (87.6%) | 357 (91.5%) | |
Yes | 9 (4.6%) | 24 (12.4%) | 33 (8.5%) | |
Did taking the vaccine affect your regularity in taking blood thinners? | p = 0.008 | |||
No | 195 (99%) | 180 (93.3%) | 375 (96.2%) | |
Yes | 2 (1%) | 6 (3.1%) | 8 (2.1%) | |
Not Sure | 0 (0%) | 7 (3.6%) | 7 (1.8%) |
Mid-Level Education | High-Level Education | Postgraduate Education | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Does the vaccine affect the severity of the disease? | p = 0.196 | |||
No | 3 (50%) | 148 (67%) | 92 (56.4%) | 243 (62.3%) |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 17 (7.7%) | 17 (10.4%) | 34 (8.7%) |
Don’t Know | 3 (50%) | 56 (25.3%) | 54 (33.1%) | 113 (29%) |
Is the vaccine safe for pregnant and lactating women? | p = 0.342 | |||
No | 0 (0%) | 37 (16.7%) | 26 (16%) | 63 (16.2%) |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 32 (14.5%) | 16 (9.8%) | 48 (12.3%) |
Don’t Know | 6 (100%) | 152 (68.8%) | 121 (74.2%) | 279 (71.5%) |
Would you agree to your children below 18 taking the vaccine? | p = 0.028 | |||
No | 2 (33.3%) | 79 (35.7%) | 45 (27.6%) | 126 (32.3%) |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 94 (42.5%) | 69 (42.3%) | 163 (41.8%) |
Don’t Know | 4 (66.7%) | 48 (21.7%) | 49 (30.1%) | 101 (25.9%) |
Did the vaccine reduce your precautionary COVID measures (wearing masks & Avoidance of crowded places)? | p = 0.009 | |||
No | 2 (33.3%) | 138 (62.4%) | 95 (58.3%) | 235 (60.3%) |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 54 (24.4%) | 40 (24.5%) | 94 (24.1%) |
Don’t Know | 4 (66.7%) | 29 (13.1%) | 28 (17.2%) | 61 (15.6%) |
Would you agree to your children below 18 taking the vaccine? | p = 0.028 | |||
No | 2 (33.3%) | 79 (35.7%) | 45 (27.6%) | 126 (32.3%) |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 94 (42.5%) | 69 (42.3%) | 163 (41.8%) |
Don’t Know | 4 (66.7%) | 48 (21.7%) | 49 (30.1%) | 101 (25.9%) |
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Share and Cite
Boshra, M.S.; Hussein, R.R.S.; Mohsen, M.; Elberry, A.A.; Altyar, A.E.; Tammam, M.; Sarhan, R.M. A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca. Vaccines 2022, 10, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020292
Boshra MS, Hussein RRS, Mohsen M, Elberry AA, Altyar AE, Tammam M, Sarhan RM. A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca. Vaccines. 2022; 10(2):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020292
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoshra, Marian S., Raghda R. S. Hussein, Marwa Mohsen, Ahmed A. Elberry, Ahmed E. Altyar, Mahmoud Tammam, and Rania M. Sarhan. 2022. "A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca" Vaccines 10, no. 2: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020292