Preventive Measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the Workplace and Vaccine Acceptance: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Workers in Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Size Planning
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Survey Instrument
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Selected Companies
3.2. Participants’ Characteristics
3.3. Main Preventive Measures Implemented by Companies
3.4. Participants’ Knowledge
3.5. Participants’ Attitudes
3.6. Participants’ Behavior
3.7. Participants’ Main Sources of Information
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CHARACTERISTICS | ||
---|---|---|
Socio-Demographic | N | % |
Gender ª | ||
Male | 326 | 66.3 |
Female | 166 | 33.7 |
Age, in years | 40.07 ± 9.7 (20–64) * | |
Nationality | ||
Italians | 482 | 96.2 |
Others | 19 | 3.8 |
Marital status ª | ||
Married | 302 | 60.6 |
Other | 196 | 39.4 |
Sons/daughters ª | ||
None | 188 | 37.6 |
≥1 | 312 | 62.4 |
Number of cohabitants ª | ||
None | 30 | 6.2 |
≥1 | 458 | 93.8 |
Education level | ||
Other | 354 | 70.7 |
University degree | 147 | 29.3 |
Working activity | ||
Employment type ª | ||
Manager/office employee | 193 | 39.3 |
Other | 298 | 60.7 |
Weekly working hours ª | 39.7 ± 6.6 (5–80) * | |
Night shifts ª | ||
No | 420 | 84.5 |
Yes | 77 | 15.5 |
Number of night shifts in a month ª | 6.3 ± 2.6 (1–10) * | |
Working from home during pandemic ª | ||
No | 356 | 71 |
Yes | 145 | 29 |
Years of work ª | 10.3 ± 8.9 (0–43) * | |
≤10 | 289 | 58.7 |
>10 | 203 | 41.3 |
Having contractedSARS-CoV-2 infection ª | ||
No | 432 | 86.6 |
Yes | 67 | 13.4 |
Having had cohabitants infected with SARS-CoV-2 ª | ||
No | 394 | 79.4 |
Yes | 102 | 20.6 |
Suffering from at least one chronic disease ª | ||
No | 433 | 87 |
Yes | 65 | 13 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 38 | 62 |
Metabolic diseases | 10 | 16.4 |
Autoimmune diseases | 7 | 11.5 |
Respiratory diseases | 5 | 8.2 |
Other | 4 | 6.6 |
Genitourinary diseases | 3 | 4.9 |
Taking medications for underlying chronic clinical conditions ª,º | ||
No | 21 | 30.9 |
Yes | 47 | 69.1 |
Self-rated health status ª | 8.4 ± 1.32 (2–10) * | |
Low (1–7) | 122 | 25.8 |
High (8–10) | 351 | 74.2 |
Flu vaccination uptake in the 2020–21 influenza season ª | ||
No | 400 | 82.1 |
Yes | 87 | 17.9 |
COVID-19 vaccine uptake ª | ||
No | 258 | 52.6 |
Yes | 233 | 47.4 |
MAIN PREVENTIVE MEASURES | ||
---|---|---|
N | % | |
Body temperature measurement at the entrance ª | ||
Yes | 491 | 98.2 |
No | 9 | 1.8 |
Hand sanitizer dispensers | ||
Yes | 499 | 99.6 |
No | 2 | 0.4 |
Free masks distribution | ||
Yes | 404 | 80.6 |
No | 97 | 19.4 |
Disinfection of indoor areas ª | ||
Yes | 427 | 85.6 |
No | 72 | 14.4 |
Distance among workstations ª | ||
Yes | 471 | 94.4 |
No | 28 | 5.6 |
Indoor ventilation ª | ||
Yes | 434 | 86.8 |
No | 66 | 13.2 |
Screening/diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 tests ª | ||
No | 210 | 42.7 |
Less than once a month | 103 | 20.9 |
One or more times a month | 80 | 16.3 |
Yes (without specifying when) | 56 | 11.4 |
For necessity | 43 | 8.7 |
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT COVID-19 | Total | |
---|---|---|
Routes of transmission ª | N | % |
Saliva | 443 | 89.7 |
Touching mouth, nose or eyes | 449 | 90.9 |
Personal direct contacts | 324 | 65.6 |
All three modes of transmission | 296 | 59.9 |
Frequent symptoms ª | ||
Fever/Cough/Tiredness | 179 | 37.3 |
Others | 301 | 62.7 |
Main preventive measures ª | ||
Use of face masks | 486 | 98.6 |
Frequent hand washing | 475 | 96.5 |
Avoiding crowded places | 429 | 95.1 |
Physical distancing | 435 | 88.4 |
All four main preventive measures | 394 | 80.1 |
Belief that use of masks in the workplace reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission ª | ||
Agree | 476 | 95.4 |
Uncertain/Disagree | 23 | 4.6 |
Belief that physical distancing in the workplace reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission ª | ||
Agree | 453 | 90.8 |
Uncertain/Disagree | 46 | 9.2 |
Belief that hand hygiene in the workplace reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission ª | ||
Agree | 479 | 96 |
Uncertain/Disagree | 20 | 4 |
Belief that the COVID-19 vaccine also protects family from contagion ª | ||
Agree | 366 | 73.3 |
Uncertain/Disagree | 133 | 26.7 |
Belief that the vaccine offers high protection against COVID-19 ª | ||
Agree | 355 | 74.1 |
Uncertain/Disagree | 144 | 25.9 |
Being highly concerned about contracting and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to family ª | ||
Yes | 145 | 34.2 |
No | 279 | 65.8 |
Belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is highly useful and safe ª | ||
Yes | 209 | 42.8 |
No | 279 | 57.2 |
Variable | OR * | SE ** | 95% CI ◦ | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1. Knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 Routes of Transmission and Preventive Measures (N = 267, n = 54.7%) | ||||
Log likelihood = −272.26; χ2 = 30.59 (8 df); p = 0.0002 | ||||
Working from home during pandemic | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.27–0.82 | 0.008 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 ª | |||
Female | 1.82 | 0.44 | 1.13–2.93 | 0.013 |
Education level | ||||
Other | 1 ª | |||
University degree | 1.74 | 0.44 | 1.05–2.88 | 0.029 |
Self-rated health status | ||||
Low (1–7) | 1 ª | |||
High (8–10) | 0.57 | 0.14 | 0.34–0.94 | 0.029 |
Age, in years (continuous) | 1.03 | 0.015 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.042 |
Years of working activity(continuous) | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.105 |
Employment type | ||||
Other | 1 ª | |||
Manager/Office employee | 1.44 | 0.36 | 0.87–2.38 | 0.153 |
Having received information about COVID-19 prevention in the workplace from companies | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 1.22 | 0.26 | 0.80–1.85 | 0.348 |
Model 2. High Concern about Contracting and Transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to Family (N = 145, n = 34.2%) | OR * | SE ** | 95%CI ◦ | p Value |
Log likelihood = −197.33; χ2 = 38.80 (7 df); p < 0.0001 | ||||
Employment type | ||||
Other | 1 ª | |||
Manager/Office employee | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.21–0.61 | <0.001 |
Knowledge of all SARS-CoV-2 routes of transmission and main preventive measures | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 1.98 | 0.51 | 1.19–3.29 | 0.008 |
Having had cohabitants infected withSARS-CoV-2 | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 2.23 | 0.74 | 1.16–4.28 | 0.016 |
Age in years (continuous) | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.077 |
Self-rated health status | ||||
Low (1–7) | 1 ª | |||
High (8–10) | 0.62 | 0.18 | 0.35–1.11 | 0.112 |
Having received information about COVID-19 prevention in the workplace from companies | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 0.75 | 0.19 | 0.45–1.24 | 0.268 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 ª | |||
Female | 1.35 | 0.39 | 0.76–2.39 | 0.291 |
Model 3. Adherence to All Preventive Measures in the Workplace (N = 210, n = 42.5%) | OR * | SE ** | 95%CI ◦ | p Value |
Log likelihood = −160.12; χ2 = 125.78 (10 df); p < 0.0001 | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 ª | |||
Female | 2.94 | 0.91 | 1.60–5.39 | <0.001 |
Employment type | ||||
Other | 1 ª | |||
Manager/Office employee | 0.32 | 0.101 | 0.17–0.59 | <0.001 |
Knowledge of all SARS-CoV-2 routes of transmission and main preventive measures | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 3.50 | 1.02 | 1.97–6.19 | <0.001 |
Belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is highly useful and safe | ||||
Low (1–7) | 1 ª | |||
High (8–10) | 3.08 | 0.93 | 1.69–5.59 | <0.001 |
Having had cohabitants infected withSARS-CoV-2 | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 2.90 | 1.27 | 1.22–6.84 | 0.015 |
Being highly concerned about contracting and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to family | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 2.07 | 0.63 | 1.14–3.76 | 0.016 |
Having received information about COVID-19 prevention in the workplace from companies | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 2.00 | 0.59 | 1.11–3.59 | 0.020 |
Belief that the vaccine offers high protection against COVID-19 | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 2.41 | 0.96 | 1.09–5.30 | 0.028 |
Belief that the COVID-19 vaccine also protects family fromcontagion | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 1.82 | 0.70 | 0.86–3.88 | 0.116 |
Need for further information on COVID-19 prevention or COVID-19 vaccine | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 0.62 | 0.26 | 0.27–1.42 | 0.260 |
Model 4. Unwillingness to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19 Because the Vaccination was Considered Not Useful and/or Safe and/or Effective (N = 29, n = 11.8%) | OR * | SE ** | 95%CI ◦ | p Value |
Log likelihood = −30.72; χ2 = 53.86 (12 df); p < 0.0001 | ||||
Belief that physical distancing in the workplace reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002–0.19 | 0.001 |
Years of working activity(continuous) | 0.84 | 0.05 | 0.74–0.95 | 0.007 |
Belief that the vaccine offers high protection against COVID-19 | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01–0.57 | 0.012 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 ª | |||
Female | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.004–0.61 | 0.019 |
Need for further information on COVID-19 prevention or COVID-19 vaccine | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 11.55 | 12.09 | 1.48–89.84 | 0.019 |
Self-rated health status | ||||
Low (1–7) | 1 ª | |||
High (8–10) | 0.13 | .012 | 0.02–0.80 | 0.028 |
Knowledge of all SARS-CoV-2 routes of transmission and main preventive measures | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.03–0.089 | 0.036 |
Age in years (continuous) | 1.10 | 0.05 | 1.01–1.22 | 0.040 |
Belief that the COVID-19 vaccine also protects family fromcontagion | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.02–1.20 | 0.077 |
Knowing main COVID-19 symptoms | ||||
Others | 1 ª | |||
Fever/Cough/Tiredness | 3.05 | 2.50 | 0.61–15.21 | 0.173 |
Belief that use of masks in the workplace reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission | ||||
Uncertain/Disagree | 1 ª | |||
Agree | 3.18 | 3.94 | 0.28–36.09 | 0.349 |
Having received information about COVID-19 prevention in the workplace from companies | ||||
No | 1 ª | |||
Yes | 0.53 | 0.036 | 0.013–2.07 | 0.364 |
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Pelullo, C.P.; Tortoriello, P.; Torsiello, L.; Lombardi, C.; Napolitano, F.; Di Giuseppe, G. Preventive Measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the Workplace and Vaccine Acceptance: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Workers in Southern Italy. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111872
Pelullo CP, Tortoriello P, Torsiello L, Lombardi C, Napolitano F, Di Giuseppe G. Preventive Measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the Workplace and Vaccine Acceptance: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Workers in Southern Italy. Vaccines. 2022; 10(11):1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111872
Chicago/Turabian StylePelullo, Concetta Paola, Pamela Tortoriello, Livio Torsiello, Chiara Lombardi, Francesco Napolitano, and Gabriella Di Giuseppe. 2022. "Preventive Measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the Workplace and Vaccine Acceptance: Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Workers in Southern Italy" Vaccines 10, no. 11: 1872. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111872