Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.1.1. Study Group
2.1.2. Control Group
2.2. Study Design and Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Procedure and Ethical Considerations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Study Group | Control Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Education | primary | 1 | 0% | 5 | 2% |
middle school | 9 | 3% | 5 | 2% | |
basic vocational | 18 | 6% | 25 | 8% | |
secondary | 126 | 44% | 116 | 38% | |
higher | 134 | 47% | 156 | 51% | |
Marital status | married | 235 | 82% | 153 | 50% |
divorced | 9 | 3% | 15 | 5% | |
single | 37 | 13% | 113 | 37% | |
in an informal relationship | 7 | 2% | 23 | 8% | |
Place of residence | urban | 177 | 61% | 218 | 71% |
rural | 111 | 39% | 89 | 29% | |
Socioeconomic status | very good | 47 | 16% | 59 | 19% |
good | 179 | 62% | 189 | 61% | |
average | 62 | 22% | 59 | 19% | |
Number of children | 0 | 139 | 48% | 151 | 49 |
1 | 88 | 30.5% | 48 | 16 | |
2 | 33 | 11.5% | 77 | 25 | |
3 | 23 | 8% | 23 | 7.5 | |
4 | 4 | 1.3% | 7 | 2.3 | |
5 | 1 | 0.3% | 0 | 0 | |
8 | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.3 |
Question | Study Group | Control Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Are you vaccinated against COVID-19? | yes | 147 | 51 | 222 | 72 |
no | 141 | 49 | 85 | 28 | |
Did you suffer from COVID-19? | yes | 51 | 18 | 150 | 49 |
no | 237 | 82 | 157 | 51 | |
What vaccine have you received? | Pfizer | 97 | 66 | 167 | 75 |
Moderna | 21 | 14 | 25 | 11 | |
Astra-Zeneca | 25 | 17 | 24 | 11 | |
Johnson & Johnson | 10 | 7 | 18 | 8 | |
Symptoms after vaccination | pain at the injection site | 77 | 52 | 160 | 72 |
swelling/local inflammation at injection site | 10 | 7 | 26 | 12 | |
flu-like symptoms: fever, chills, muscle pain | 48 | 33 | 104 | 47 | |
Runny nose, cough | 6 | 4 | 21 | 9 | |
anaphylactic reaction | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
no symptoms have occurred | 49 | 33 | 41 | 18 | |
What is your opinion on vaccinating pregnant women against COVID-19? | it is safe and necessary | 72 | 25 | 128 | 42 |
it is safe, but I don’t want to be vaccinated | 22 | 8 | 12 | 4 | |
vaccination will shorten the pandemic period | 19 | 7 | 46 | 15 | |
it is dangerous | 29 | 10 | 23 | 8 | |
it is contraindicated in pregnancy | 14 | 5 | 20 | 7 | |
I have no opinion | 142 | 49 | 115 | 38 | |
What do you think are the effects of the COVID-19 vaccination? | acquisition of specific immunity against COVID-19 by both mother and child | 127 | 44 | 154 | 50 |
acquisition of specific immunity against COVID-19 by the mother | 24 | 8 | 59 | 19 | |
acquisition of specific immunity against COVID-19 by the child | 9 | 3 | 10 | 3 | |
preterm birth | 28 | 10 | 17 | 6 | |
defects in the child | 59 | 20 | 38 | 12 | |
perinatal complications (obstetric haemorrhage, etc.) | 32 | 11 | 19 | 6 | |
infertility or problems getting pregnant in the future | 48 | 17 | 31 | 10 | |
mutations or changes in the karyotype (genetic code) of the pregnant woman | 17 | 6 | 25 | 8 |
Have You Had COVID-19? | Are You Vaccinated against COVID-19? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study Group | Control Group | ||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
yes | n | 18 | 33 | 109 | 41 |
% | 12 | 23 | 49 | 48 | |
no | n | 129 | 108 | 113 | 44 |
% | 88 | 77 | 51 | 52 |
Scales | Control Group (n = 307) | Study Group (n = 288) | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | Sd | Q1 | Me | Q3 | M | Sd | Q1 | Me | Q3 | ||
CAS | 1.03 | 1.98 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.61 | 1.26 | 0 | 1.26 | 1 | 0.025 |
DrVac-COVID19S | 55.85 | 14.41 | 45 | 57 | 68 | 51.25 | 13.97 | 43 | 49.5 | 62 | 0.000 |
FCV-19S | 15.21 | 4.93 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 14.59 | 5.26 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 0.126 |
VAC-COVID-19 | 44.26 | 7.21 | 39 | 45 | 50 | 41.44 | 7.27 | 36 | 41 | 47 | 0.000 |
Scales | Study Group-Pregnant Women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Trimester (n = 43) | 2nd Trimester (n = 92) | 3rd Trimester (n = 153) | |||||||
M | Sd | Me | M | Sd | Me | M | Sd | Me | |
CAS | 0.67 | 1.36 | 0 | 0.61 | 1.44 | 0 | 0.59 | 1.12 | 0 |
DrVac-COVID19S | 53.86 | 13.67 | 51 | 51.25 | 13.21 | 49 | 50.52 | 14.50 | 49 |
FCV-19S | 12.34 | 4.94 | 12 | 14.70 | 5.20 | 15 | 15.16 | 5.25 | 15 |
VAC-COVID-19 Scale | 43.00 | 8.00 | 44 | 41.45 | 7.30 | 41 | 41.00 | 7.03 | 40 |
Spearman’s r | |||
---|---|---|---|
Control Group (n = 307) | Study Group (n = 288) | ||
CAS | DrVac-COVID19S | 0.053 | −0.005 |
FCV-19S | 0.377 | 0.364 | |
DrVac-COVID19S | FCV-19S | 0.207 | 0.196 |
VAC-COVID-19 Scale | CAS | 0.108 | 0.020 |
DrVac-COVID19S | 0.722 | 0.753 | |
FCV-19S | 0.178 | 0.082 |
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Janik, K.; Nietupska, K.; Iwanowicz-Palus, G.; Cybulski, M. Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101700
Janik K, Nietupska K, Iwanowicz-Palus G, Cybulski M. Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101700
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanik, Kinga, Kinga Nietupska, Grazyna Iwanowicz-Palus, and Mateusz Cybulski. 2022. "Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101700
APA StyleJanik, K., Nietupska, K., Iwanowicz-Palus, G., & Cybulski, M. (2022). Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 10(10), 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101700