Sports Elite Means Vaccine Elite? Concerns and Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Vaccines among Olympians and Elite Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Size
2.2. The Questionnaire
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. The Local Context of Vaccination
3. Results
3.1. Sample Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Vaccination Status against COVID-19
3.3. General Attitude toward Vaccination
3.4. Athletes’ Concerns and Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Vaccination and the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Female | Male | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Gender | ||||||
386 | 43.1 | 509 | 56.9 | 895 | 100 | |
Age (years) | ||||||
Up to 17 | 89 | 10.0 | 111 | 12.4 | 200 | 22.4 |
18–25 | 218 | 24.3 | 272 | 30.4 | 490 | 54.7 |
26–34 | 65 | 7.3 | 96 | 10.7 | 161 | 18.0 |
35 and over | 14 | 1.5 | 30 | 3.4 | 44 | 4.9 |
Discipline | ||||||
Athletics | 80 | 8.9 | 68 | 7.6 | 148 | 16.5 |
Handball | 56 | 6.3 | 87 | 9.7 | 143 | 16.0 |
Skiing | 12 | 1.3 | 40 | 4.5 | 52 | 5.8 |
Volleyball | 10 | 1.1 | 37 | 4.1 | 47 | 5.3 |
Judo | 23 | 2.6 | 21 | 2.3 | 44 | 4.9 |
Canoeing | 8 | 0.9 | 32 | 3.6 | 40 | 4.5 |
Weightlifting | 9 | 1.0 | 29 | 3.2 | 38 | 4.2 |
Wrestling | 13 | 1.5 | 24 | 2.7 | 37 | 4.1 |
Rowing | 16 | 1.8 | 14 | 1.6 | 30 | 3.4 |
Modern pentathlon | 15 | 1.7 | 13 | 1.5 | 28 | 3.1 |
Soccer | 0 | 0 | 27 | 3.0 | 27 | 3.0 |
Biathlon | 12 | 1.3 | 13 | 1.5 | 25 | 2.8 |
Boxing | 14 | 1.6 | 10 | 1.1 | 24 | 2.7 |
Basketball | 24 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2.7 |
Swimming | 11 | 1.2 | 12 | 1.3 | 23 | 2.6 |
Fencing | 15 | 1.7 | 8 | 0.9 | 23 | 2.6 |
Cycling | 10 | 1.1 | 12 | 1.3 | 22 | 2.5 |
Sailing | 8 | 0.9 | 13 | 1.5 | 21 | 2.3 |
Speed skating | 9 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.2 | 20 | 2.2 |
Archery | 5 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.9 | 13 | 1.5 |
Badminton | 4 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.6 | 9 | 1.0 |
Curling | 4 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.6 | 9 | 1.0 |
Snowboarding | 4 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.7 |
Shooting | 2 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.4 | 6 | 0.7 |
Sport climbing | 4 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.7 |
Bobsleigh | 4 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.7 |
Wushu | 4 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.6 |
Taekwondo | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.4 |
Table tennis | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.4 |
Skateboarding | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.3 |
Artistic gymnastics | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.3 |
Figure skating | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.3 |
Skeleton | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 |
Tennis | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.1 |
Sports status | ||||||
Olympic level | 48 | 5.3 | 49 | 5.5 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
International level | 179 | 20.0 | 235 | 26.3 | 46.3 | 46.3 |
National level | 159 | 17.8 | 225 | 25.1 | 42.9 | 42.9 |
Sports Discipline | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | ||
Athletics | 126 (85.1) | 22 (14.9) | <0.001 |
Handball | 112 (78.3) | 31 (21.7) | |
Skiing | 49 (90.7) | 3 (9.3) | |
Volleyball | 37 (78.7) | 10 (21.3) | |
Judo | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | |
Canoeing | 18 (45.0) | 22 (55.0) | |
Weightlifting | 10 (26.3) | 28 (73.7) | |
Wrestling | 23 (62.2) | 14 (37.8) | |
Rowing | 26 (86.7) | 4 (13.3) | |
Modern pentathlon | 20 (71.4) | 8 (28.6) | |
Soccer | 16 (59.3) | 11 (40.7) | |
Biathlon | 25 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Boxing | 7 (29.2) | 17 (70.8) | |
Basketball | 17 (70.8) | 7 (29.2) | |
Swimming | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) | |
Fencing | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) | |
Cycling | 21 (95.5) | 1 (4.5) | |
Sailing | 16 (76.2) | 5 (23.8) | |
Speed skating | 18 (90.0) | 2 (10.0) | |
Archery | 13 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Badminton | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Curling | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | |
Snowboarding | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Shooting | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Sport climbing | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Bobsleigh | 6 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Wushu | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
Taekwondo | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
Table tennis | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | |
Skateboarding | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | |
Artistic gymnastics | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Figure skating | 3 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Skeleton | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Tennis | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Yes | 529 (77.5) | 98 (46.2) | <0.001 |
No | 15 (2.2) | 18 (8.5) | |
I do not know | 139 (20.4) | 96 (45.3) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Yes, everyone | 227 (33.2) | 4 (1.9) | <0.001 |
Yes, most of them | 314 (46.0) | 55 (25.9) | |
About half and half | 101 (14.8) | 85 (40.2) | |
No, only some of them | 34 (5.0) | 55 (25.9) | |
No, no one | 0 (0.0) | 9 (4.2) | |
I do not know | 7 (1.0) | 4 (1.9) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Yes, everyone | 373 (54.6) | 17 (8.0) | <0.001 |
Yes, most of them | 191 (28.0) | 50 (23.6) | |
About half and half | 60 (8.8) | 50 (23.6) | |
No, only some of them | 34 (5.0) | 52 (24.5) | |
No, no one | 18 (2.6) | 37 (17.5) | |
I do not know | 7 (1.0) | 5 (2.8) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Me | 393 (57.5) | 145 (68.4) | <0.001 |
Coach | 46 (6.7) | 4 (1.9) | |
Doctor | 19 (2.8) | 2 (0.9) | |
Other athletes | 16 (2.3) | 1 (0.5) | |
Family/friends | 130 (19.0) | 27 (12.7) | |
Others | 79 (11.7) | 33 (15.6) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
I’m rather a supporter of vaccination | 322 (47.1) | 29 (13.7) | <0.001 |
I’m rather opposed to vaccination | 37 (5.4) | 52 (24.5) | |
I have no opinion | 324 (47.5) | 131 (61.8) |
VA | NVA | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
He/she is rather a supporter of vaccination | 321 (47.0) | 55 (25.9) | <0.001 |
He/she is rather opposed to vaccination | 14 (2.0) | 7 (3.3) | |
I have no idea | 348 (51.0) | 150 (70.8) |
Mean | SE | SD | Percentile | TD—Totally Disagree, RD—Rather Agree, NA/D—Neither Agree Nor Disagree, RA—Rather Agree, TA—Totally Agree | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th | 50th | 75th | ||||
I do not trust the government on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||
3.10 | 0.040 | 1.208 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I do not trust doctors on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||
2.51 | 0.039 | 1.153 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | |
I do not believe in the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||
2.52 | 0.041 | 1.212 | 1.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 | |
I am concerned about the long-term side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||
2.81 | 0.045 | 1.338 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I do not trust the composition of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||
2.80 | 0.042 | 1.253 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines were produced too quickly. | ||||||
2.96 | 0.043 | 1.293 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines have not been tested well enough. | ||||||
2.97 | 0.042 | 1.262 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I believe that COVID-19 is not a dangerous disease. | ||||||
2.48 | 0.040 | 1.206 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | |
I do not believe in a COVID-19 pandemic. | ||||||
2.10 | 0.040 | 1.221 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | |
Mandatory vaccinations limit civil liberties. | ||||||
3.07 | 0.045 | 1.333 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
I am concerned about a severe COVID-19 infection that will exclude me from training/working/competition. | ||||||
3.05 | 0.045 | 1.348 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | |
Getting over COVID-19 could have long-term effects on my health. | ||||||
3.24 | 0.040 | 1.196 | 3.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 |
Strongly Disagree | Rather Disagree | Neither Disagree and Agree | Rather Agree | Strongly Agree | p-Value df x2 | (95% CI) Mean | SE | SD | MD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | ||||||||||
I do not trust the government on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||||||
VA | 79 (11.6) | 129 (18.9) | 272 (39.8) | 114 (16.7) | 89 (13.0) | <0.001 4 32.699 | (2.92–3.09) 3.01 | 0.044 | 1.158 | 3.00 |
NVA | 21 (9.9) | 30 (14.2) | 65 (30.7) | 33 (15.6) | 63 (29.7) | (3.23–3.59) 3.41 | 0.094 | 1.312 | 3.00 | |
I do not trust doctors on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||||||
VA | 191 (28.0) | 181 (26.5) | 216 (31.6) | 65 (9.5) | 30 (4.4) | <0.001 4 50.343 | (2.27–2.44) 2.36 | 0.043 | 1.116 | 2.00 |
NVA | 23 (10.8) | 42 (19.8) | 90 (42.5) | 29 (13.7) | 28 (13.2) | (2.83–3.14) 2.99 | 0.078 | 1.142 | 3.00 | |
I do not believe in the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
VA | 209 (30.6) | 177 (25.9) | 207 (30.3) | 59 (8.6) | 31 (4.5) | <0.001 4 93.405 | (2.22–2.39) 2.31 | 0.043 | 1.128 | 2.00 |
NVA | 22 (10.4) | 32 (15.1) | 80 (37.7) | 36 (17.0) | 42 (19.8) | (3.04–3.37) 3.21 | 0.084 | 1.222 | 3.00 | |
I am concerned about the long-term side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
VA | 163 (23.9) | 178 (26.1) | 184 (26.9) | 98 (14.3) | 59 (8.6) | <0.001 5 89.503 | (2.49–2.69) 2.59 | 0.049 | 1.278 | 3.00 |
NVA | 18 (8.5) | 32 (15.1) | 49 (23.1) | 50 (23.6) | 63 (29.7) | (3.33–3.68) 3.51 | 0.089 | 1.290 | 4.00 | |
I do not trust the composition of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
VA | 153 (22.4) | 161 (23.6) | 240 (35.1) | 74 (10.8) | 55 (8.1) | <0.001 4 95.392 | (2.50–2.67) 2.59 | 0.045 | 1.180 | 3.00 |
NVA | 19 (9.0) | 20 (9.4) | 67 (31.6) | 49 (23.1) | 57 (26.9) | (3.33–3.66) 3.50 | 0.085 | 1.233 | 3.50 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines were produced too quickly. | ||||||||||
VA | 132 (19.3) | 144 (21.1) | 242 (35.4) | 94 (13.8) | 71 (10.4) | <0.001 4 96.977 | (2.66–2.84) 2.75 | 0.046 | 1.215 | 3.00 |
NVA | 20 (9.4) | 22 (10.4) | 47 (22.2) | 49 (23.1) | 74 (34.9) | (3.46–3.81) 3.81 | 0.090 | 1.308 | 4.00 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines have not been tested well enough. | ||||||||||
VA | 132 (19.3) | 135 (19.8) | 245 (35.9) | 114 (16.7) | 57 (8.3) | <0.001 4 107.516 | (2.66–2.84) 2.75 | 0.045 | 1.188 | 3.00 |
NVA | 16 (7.5) | 17 (8.0) | 60 (28.3) | 46 (21.7) | 73 (34.4) | (3.51–3.84) 3.67 | 0.085 | 1.236 | 4.00 | |
I believe that COVID-19 is not a dangerous disease. | ||||||||||
VA | 209 (30.6) | 165 (24.2) | 200 (29.3) | 70 (10.2) | 39 (5.7) | <0.001 4 27.644 | (2.27–2.45) 2.36 | 0.045 | 1.180 | 2.00 |
NVA | 35 (16.5) | 44 (20.8) | 79 (37.3) | 27 (12.7) | 27 (12.7) | (2.68–3.01) 2.84 | 0.084 | 1.220 | 3.00 | |
I do not believe in a COVID-19 pandemic. | ||||||||||
VA | 342 (50.1) | 117 (17.1) | 157 (23.0) | 39 (5.7) | 28 (4.1) | <0.001 4 38.363 | (1.88–2.05) 1.96 | 0.044 | 1.152 | 1.00 |
NVA | 66 (31.1) | 32 (15.1) | 70 (33.0) | 19 (9.0) | 25 (11.8) | (2.37–2.73) 2.55 | 0.091 | 1.328 | 3.00 | |
Requiring vaccinations limits civil liberties. | ||||||||||
VA | 135 (19.8) | 122 (17.9) | 224 (32.8) | 104 (15.2) | 98 (14.3) | <0.001 4 71.477 | (2.77–2.96) 2.87 | 0.050 | 1.296 | 3.00 |
NVA | 15 (7.1) | 21 (9.9) | 50 (23.6) | 50 (23.6) | 76 (35.8) | (3.54–3.88) 3.71 | 0.086 | 1.246 | 4.00 | |
I am concerned about a severe COVID-19 infection that will exclude me from training/working/competition. | ||||||||||
VA | 109 (16.0) | 111 (16.3) | 190 (27.8) | 136 (19.9) | 137 (20.1) | 0.046 4 9.696 | (3.02–3.22) 3.12 | 0.051 | 1.338 | 3.00 |
NVA | 46 (21.7) | 42 (19.8) | 61 (28.8) | 27 (12.7) | 36 (17.0) | (2.65–3.02) 2.83 | 0.094 | 1.362 | 3.00 | |
Getting over COVID-19 could have long-term effects on my health. | ||||||||||
VA | 56 (8.2) | 86 (12.6) | 230 (33.7) | 183 (26.8) | 128 (18.7) | <0.001 4 29.031 | (3.27–3.44) 3.35 | 0.044 | 1.161 | 3.00 |
NVA | 36 (17.0) | 42 (19.8) | 73 (34.4) | 35 (16.5) | 26 (12.3) | (2.71–3.04) 2.87 | 0.085 | 1.234 | 3.00 |
Strongly Disagree | Rather Disagree | Neither Disagree and Agree | Rather Agree | Strongly Agree | p-Value df x2 | (95% CI) Mean | SE | SD | MD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | ||||||||||
I do not trust the government on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||||||
OL | 11 (11.3) | 17 (17.5) | 41 (42.3) | 15 (15.5) | 13 (13.4) | 0.296 8 9.583 | (2.79–3.25) 3.02 | 0.117 | 1.155 | 3.00 |
INT | 57 (13.8) | 68 (16.4) | 157 (37.9) | 61 (14.7) | 71 (17.1) | (2.93–3.17) 3.05 | 0.061 | 1.245 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 32 (8.3) | 74 (19.3) | 139 (36.2) | 71 (18.5) | 68 (17.7) | (3.06–3.30) 3.18 | 0.060 | 1.179 | 3.00 | |
I do not trust doctors on COVID-19 vaccination. | ||||||||||
OL | 24 (24.7) | 23 (23.7) | 34 (35.1) | 10 (10.3) | 6 (6.2) | 0.301 8 9.516 | (2.26–2.73) 2.49 | 0.117 | 1.156 | 3.00 |
INT | 105 (25.4) | 86 (20.8) | 153 (37.0) | 44 (10.6) | 26 (6.3) | (2.40–2.63) 2.52 | 0.057 | 1.162 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 85 (22.1) | 114 (29.7) | 119 (31.0) | 40 (10.4) | 26 (6.8) | (2.39–2.61) 2.50 | 0.058 | 1.145 | 2.00 | |
I do not believe in the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
OL | 31 (32.0) | 18 (18.6) | 35 (36.1) | 6 (6.2) | 7 (7.2) | 0.149 8 12.042 | (2.14–2.62) 2.38 | 0.122 | 1.203 | 2.00 |
INT | 109 (26.3) | 86 (20.8) | 137 (33.1) | 43 (10.4) | 39 (9.4) | (2.44–2.68) 2.56 | 0.061 | 1.245 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 91 (23.7) | 105 (27.3) | 115 (29.9) | 46 (12.0) | 27 (7.0) | (2.39–2.63) 2.51 | 0.060 | 1.179 | 2.00 | |
I am concerned about the long-term side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
OL | 24 (24.7) | 21 (21.6) | 25 (25.8) | 16 (16.5) | 11 (11.3) | 0.739 10 6.859 | (2.41–2.95) 2.68 | 0.134 | 1.319 | 3.00 |
INT | 78 (18.8) | 102 (24.6) | 115 (27.8) | 60 (14.5) | 59 (14.3) | (2.68–2.93) 2.81 | 0.064 | 1.297 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 79 (20.6) | 87 (22.7) | 93 (24.2) | 72 (18.8) | 52 (13.5) | (2.70–2.98) 2.84 | 0.071 | 1.387 | 3.00 | |
I do not trust the composition of the COVID-19 vaccine. | ||||||||||
OL | 24 (24.7) | 16 (16.5) | 33 (34.0) | 11 (11.3) | 13 (13.4) | 0.795 8 4.639 | (2.46–2.99) 2.72 | 0.134 | 1.321 | 3.00 |
INT | 79 (19.1) | 86 (20.8) | 141 (34.1) | 53 (12.8) | 55 (13.3) | (2.68–2.93) 2.80 | 0.062 | 1.263 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 69 (18.0) | 79 (20.6) | 133 (34.6) | 59 (15.4) | 44 (11.5) | (2.69–2.94) 2.82 | 0.063 | 1.228 | 3.00 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines were produced too quickly. | ||||||||||
OL | 22 (22.7) | 14 (14.4) | 34 (35.1) | 13 (13.4) | 14 (14.4) | 0.687 8 5.646 | (2.56–3.09) 2.82 | 0.134 | 1.323 | 3.00 |
INT | 68 (16.4) | 74 (17.9) | 138 (33.3) | 64 (15.5) | 70 (16.9) | (2.86–3.11) 2.99 | 0.064 | 1.292 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 62 (16.1) | 78 (20.3) | 117 (30.5) | 66 (17.2) | 61 (15.9) | (2.83–3.09) 2.96 | 0.066 | 1.288 | 3.00 | |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines have not been tested well enough. | ||||||||||
OL | 22 (22.7) | 10 (10.3) | 38 (39.2) | 15 (15.5) | 12 (12.4) | 0.119 8 12.798 | (2.59–3.10) 2.85 | 0.131 | 1.286 | 3.00 |
INT | 67 (16.2) | 73 (17.6) | 149 (36.0) | 63 (15.2) | 62 (15.0) | (2.83–3.07) 2.95 | 0.062 | 1.256 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 59 (15.4) | 69 (18.0) | 118 (30.7) | 82 (21.4) | 56 (14.6) | (2.89–3.14) 3.02 | 0.064 | 1.263 | 3.00 | |
I believe that COVID-19 is not a dangerous disease. | ||||||||||
OL | 28 (28.9) | 26 (26.8) | 32 (33.0) | 5 (5.2) | 6 (6.2) | 0.237 8 10.420 | (2.10–2.56) 2.33 | 0.115 | 1.134 | 2.00 |
INT | 111 (26.8) | 96 (23.2) | 140 (33.8) | 41 (9.9) | 26 (6.3) | (2.34–2.57) 2.46 | 0.057 | 1.167 | 2.50 | |
NAT | 105 (27.3) | 87 (22.7) | 107 (27.9) | 51 (13.3) | 34 (8.9) | (2.41–2.66) 2.54 | 0.064 | 1.264 | 2.50 | |
I do not believe in the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||||||||||
OL | 42 (43.3) | 14 (14.4) | 31 (32.0) | 5 (5.2) | 5 (5.2) | 0.004 8 22.686 | (1.90–2.38) 2.14 | 0.120 | 1.190 | 2.00 |
INT | 176 (42.5) | 56 (13.5) | 119 (28.7) | 36 (8.7) | 27 (6.5) | (2.11–2.35) 2.23 | 0.062 | 1.263 | 2.00 | |
NAT | 190 (49.5) | 79 (20.6) | 77 (20.1) | 17 (4.4) | 21 (5.5) | (1.84–2.07) 1.98 | 0.059 | 1.168 | 2.00 | |
Requiring vaccinations limits civil liberties. | ||||||||||
OL | 20 (20.6) | 13 (13.4) | 33 (34.0) | 17 (17.5) | 14 (14.4) | 0.068 8 14.566 | (2.65–3.18) 2.92 | 0.133 | 1.312 | 3.00 |
INT | 76 (18.4) | 65 (15.7) | 128 (30.9) | 55 (13.3) | 90 (21.7) | (2.91–3.18) 3.04 | 0.068 | 1.377 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 54 (14.1) | 65 (16.9) | 113 (29.4) | 82 (21.4) | 70 (18.2) | (3.00–3.26) 3.13 | 0.066 | 1.289 | 3.00 | |
I am concerned about a severe COVID-19 infection that will exclude me from training/working/competition. | ||||||||||
OL | 15 (15.5) | 13 (13.4) | 33 (34.0) | 18 (18.6) | 18 (18.6) | 0.008 8 20.755 | (2.85–3.38) 3.11 | 0.132 | 1.298 | 3.00 |
INT | 79 (19.1) | 62 (15.0) | 135 (32.6) | 71 (17.1) | 67 (16.2) | (2.84–3.09) 2.96 | 0.065 | 1.317 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 61 (15.9) | 78 (20.3) | 83 (21.6) | 74 (19.3) | 88 (22.9) | (2.99–3.27) 3.13 | 0.071 | 1.391 | 3.00 | |
Getting over COVID-19 could have long-term effects on my health. | ||||||||||
OL | 6 (6.2) | 8 (8.2) | 37 (38.1) | 31 (32.0) | 15 (15.5) | 0.040 8 16.148 | (3.21–3.63) 3.42 | 0.107 | 1.049 | 3.00 |
INT | 46 (11.1) | 62 (15.0) | 154 (37.2) | 83 (20.0) | 69 (16.7) | (3.05–3.28) 3.16 | 0.059 | 1.199 | 3.00 | |
NAT | 92 (10.3) | 128 (14.3) | 303 (33.9) | 218 (24.4) | 154 (17.2) | (3.15–3.40) 3.28 | 0.062 | 1.223 | 3.00 |
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Sobierajski, T.; Krzywański, J.; Mikulski, T.; Pokrywka, A.; Krysztofiak, H.; Kuchar, E. Sports Elite Means Vaccine Elite? Concerns and Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Vaccines among Olympians and Elite Athletes. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101676
Sobierajski T, Krzywański J, Mikulski T, Pokrywka A, Krysztofiak H, Kuchar E. Sports Elite Means Vaccine Elite? Concerns and Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Vaccines among Olympians and Elite Athletes. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101676
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobierajski, Tomasz, Jarosław Krzywański, Tomasz Mikulski, Andrzej Pokrywka, Hubert Krysztofiak, and Ernest Kuchar. 2022. "Sports Elite Means Vaccine Elite? Concerns and Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Vaccines among Olympians and Elite Athletes" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101676