Ubiquinone Supplementation with 300 mg on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants’ Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Supplementation
2.3. Demographic Data Collection and Anthropometric Assessments
2.4. Blood Sample Collection
2.5. Hematological Measurements
2.6. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity
2.7. Ubiquinone Status Measurements
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Subjects’ Characteristics
3.2. Ubiquinone Status, Glycemic Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Correlations between Ubiquinone Status and Oxidative Stress, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Glycemic Parameters after Supplementation
3.4. Correlations between Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Capacity, and Glycemic Parameters after Supplementation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Characteristics | Ubiquinone (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 14) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 19.9 ± 1.3 (20.0) 1 | 19.6 ± 1.3 (19.0) | 0.56 |
Sports | 0.87 | ||
Soccer (n, %) | 9 (60.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | |
Males/Females (n) | 4/5 | 5/2 | 0.36 |
Taekwondo (n, %) | 6 (40.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | |
Males/Females (n) | 4/2 | 7/1 | 0.56 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 1.8 (22.8) | 22.1 ± 2.8 (22.2) | 0.76 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.79 ± 0.04 (0.79) | 0.79 ± 0.05 (0.78) | 0.76 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.4 ± 13.6 (114.0) | 125.2 ± 13.9 (120.0) | 0.10 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.9 ± 9.3 (65.0) | 70.4 ± 7.4 (70.0) | 0.45 |
Hematology | |||
Albumin (g/L) | 49.9 ± 3.0 (51.0) | 50.1 ± 2.6 (49.0) | 0.84 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.2 (5.4) | 5.1 ± 1.3 (5.0) | 0.93 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.6 ± 11.4 (71.7) | 84.0 ± 14.1 (85.7) | 0.39 |
GOT (U/L) | 20.5 ± 6.9 (21.0) | 20.0 ± 3.9 (19.0) | 0.83 |
GPT (U/L) | 17.6 ± 11.2 (13.0) | 15.9 ± 5.0 (16.0) | 0.65 |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 350.9 ± 77.3 (380.7) | 374.8 ± 65.4 (398.5) | 0.43 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.7 (4.7) | 4.4 ± 0.9 (4.2) | 1.00 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.69 ± 0.30 (0.55) | 0.84 ± 0.81 (0.62) | 0.97 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.6 (2.5) | 2.6 ± 0.8 (2.4) | 0.46 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.9 ± 0.3 (1.9) | 1.6 ± 0.4 (1.6) | 0.07 |
Parameters | Ubiquinone (n = 15) | Placebo (n = 14) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Ubiquinone status | |||
Plasma ubiquinone (μmol/L)-Baseline | 0.57 ± 0.18 (0.53) 1 | 0.58 ± 0.16 (0.54) | 0.92 |
Plasma ubiquinone (μmol/L)-12 weeks | 1.14 ± 0.54 (1.06) * | 0.60 ± 0.20 (0.60) | <0.01 |
Plasma ubiquinone/TC (μmol/mmol)-Baseline | 0.13 ± 0.03 (0.13) | 0.13 ± 0.04 (0.13) | 0.66 |
Plasma ubiquinone/TC (μmol/mmol)-12 weeks | 0.27 ± 0.12 (0.26) * | 0.14 ± 0.04 (0.14) | <0.01 |
WBC ubiquinone (nmol/g)-Baseline | 0.42 ± 0.32 (0.42) | 0.31 ± 0.21 (0.30) | 0.28 |
WBC ubiquinone (nmol/g)-12 weeks | 0.75 ± 0.71 (0.48) * | 0.55 ± 0.43 (0.49) * | 0.45 |
Glycemic profile | |||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)-Baseline | 4.7 ± 0.5 (4.7) | 5.0 ± 0.3 (4.9) | 0.10 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)-12 weeks | 5.0 ± 1.0 (4.8) | 4.7 ± 0.4 (4.7) | 0.46 |
HbA1c (%)-Baseline | 5.4 ± 0.4 (5.4) | 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.6) | 0.38 |
HbA1c (%)-12 weeks | 5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3) † | 5.4 ± 0.3 (5.4) * | 0.55 |
Oxidative stress | |||
Plasma MDA (μM)-Baseline | 2.5 ± 0.5 (2.5) | 2.3 ± 0.4 (2.4) | 0.31 |
Plasma MDA (μM)-12 weeks | 2.4 ± 0.7 (2.4) | 2.4 ± 0.7 (2.3) | 1.00 |
Erythrocyte MDA (nmol/mg protein)-Baseline | 3.7 ± 0.3 (3.7) | 3.8 ± 0.3 (3.8) | 0.34 |
Erythrocyte MDA (nmol/mg protein)-12 weeks | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.6) | 4.1 ± 0.5 (4.0) * | <0.01 |
Antioxidant capacity | |||
Serum TAC (mM Trolox)-Baseline | 5.7 ± 0.4 (5.8) | 5.7 ± 0.3 (5.8) | 0.53 |
Serum TAC (mM Trolox)-12 weeks | 5.2 ± 0.4 (5.2) * | 5.2 ± 0.2 (5.2) * | 0.88 |
Erythrocyte TAC (mM Trolox)-Baseline | 10.4 ± 0.5 (10.5) | 10.7 ± 0.6 (10.6) | 0.16 |
Erythrocyte TAC (mM Trolox)-12 weeks | 9.7 ± 0.5 (9.8) * | 9.7 ± 0.6 (9.8) * | 0.90 |
Parameters | Plasma Ubiquinone (μmol/L) | Plasma Ubiquinone/TC (μmol/mmol) | WBC Ubiquinone (nmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficients 1 | |||
Oxidative stress | |||
Plasma MDA (μM) | −0.35 † | −0.40 * | −0.15 |
Erythrocyte MDA (nmol/mg protein) | −0.46 * | −0.43 * | −0.44 ** |
Antioxidant capacity | |||
Serum TAC (mM Trolox) | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.57 ** |
Erythrocyte TAC (mM Trolox) | −0.09 | −0.10 | 0.19 |
Glycemic parameters | |||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.09 |
HbA1c (%) | −0.23 | −0.19 | −0.46 * |
HOMA-IR | −0.15 | −0.19 | −0.67 ** |
QUICKI | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.67 ** |
Parameters | Plasma MDA (μM) | Erythrocyte MDA (nmol/mg Protein) | Serum TAC (mM Trolox) | Erythrocyte TAC (mM Trolox) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation Coefficients 1 | ||||
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.05 | 0.18 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.28 | 0.40 * | −0.25 | −0.14 |
HOMA-IR | 0.22 | 0.13 | −0.44 * | −0.04 |
QUICKI | −0.22 | −0.13 | 0.44 * | 0.04 |
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Ho, C.-C.; Chang, P.-S.; Chen, H.-W.; Lee, P.-F.; Chang, Y.-C.; Tseng, C.-Y.; Lin, P.-T. Ubiquinone Supplementation with 300 mg on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090823
Ho C-C, Chang P-S, Chen H-W, Lee P-F, Chang Y-C, Tseng C-Y, Lin P-T. Ubiquinone Supplementation with 300 mg on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):823. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090823
Chicago/Turabian StyleHo, Chien-Chang, Po-Sheng Chang, Hung-Wun Chen, Po-Fu Lee, Yun-Chi Chang, Ching-Yu Tseng, and Ping-Ting Lin. 2020. "Ubiquinone Supplementation with 300 mg on Glycemic Control and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090823