Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Oxidative Stress and Developmental Programming of Hypertension
2.1. Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy
2.2. Developmental Programming of Hypertension
2.3. The Impact of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension of Developmental Origin
3. Natural Antioxidants
3.1. Natural Antioxidants and Hypertension
3.2. Natural Antioxidants as Reprogramming Interventions
3.3. Amino Acids
3.4. Vitamins
3.5. Melatonin
3.6. Resveratrol
3.7. N-Acetylcysteine
3.8. Others
4. Protective Role of Natural Antioxidants on Common Mechanisms Involved in Programmed Hypertension
4.1. Restoration of ADMA-NO Pathway
4.2. Rebalancing of the Renin-Angiotensin System
4.3. Activation of Nutrient-Sensing Signals
4.4. Reshaping Gut Microbiota
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antioxidants | Natural Sources | References |
---|---|---|
Vitamin A | Meat, fish, fruits, and vegetables | [58] |
Vitamin C | Most fruits and some vegetables, particularly citrus fruits, and tomatoes | [59,60] |
Vitamin E | Vegetables oils, nuts, broccoli, and fish | [60,61] |
L-arginine | Meat, dairy products, eggs, nuts, and seeds | [62] |
Flavonoids | Potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, onions, wheat, dark chocolate, concord grapes, and black tea | [60,61] |
α-lipoic acid | Yeast, organ meats, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes | [63] |
β-carotene | Kale, red paprika, spinach, parsley, tomatoes, and carrots | [64] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Wheat bran, fish, and organ meats | [60,64] |
Melatonin | Eggs, meat, fish, milk, nuts, seeds, cereals, peppers, tomatoes, and mushrooms | [65] |
Resveratrol | Grapes, peanuts, cocoa, soy, and berries | [66] |
N-acetylcysteine | Chicken, turkey, garlic, yogurt, and eggs | [67] |
Natural Antioxidants | Animal Models | Intervention Period | Species/ Gender | Age at BP Determination (week) | Beneficial Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino acids | ||||||
3% L-glycine in chow | Maternal low protein diet | Pregnancy and lactation | Wistar/M | 4 | Prevented hypertension | [70] |
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water | Maternal STZ-induced diabetes | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [31] |
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water | Maternal L-NAME exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [71] |
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water | Prenatal dexamethasone exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [72] |
0.25% L-citrulline in drinking water | Genetic hypertension | 2 weeks before until 6 weeks after birth | SHR/M & F | 50 | Prevented hypertension | [73] |
3% L-taurine in drinking water | Maternal highsugar diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/F | 8 | Prevented hypertension | [74] |
3% L-taurine in drinking water | Maternal STZ-induced diabetes | Pregnancy and lactation | Wistar/M & F | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [75] |
L-tryptophan 200 mg/kg BW/day via oral gavage | Maternal adenosine-induced CKD | Pregnancy | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [76] |
BCAA-supplemented diets | Maternal caloric Restriction | Pregnancy | SD/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [77] |
Amino acids plus vitamins | ||||||
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E | Genetic hypertension | 2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth | SHR/M& F | 9 | Prevented hypertension | [78] |
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E | Genetic hypertension | 2 weeks before until 4 weeks after birth | FHH/M & F | 36 | Prevented hypertension | [79] |
L-arginine, L-taurine, Vitamins C and E | Genetic hypertension | 2 weeks before until 8 weeks after birth | SHR/M & F | 50 | Prevented hypertension | [80] |
Vitamins | ||||||
Vitamin C, E, folic acid and selenium | Maternal caloric Restriction | Pregnancy | Wistar/ M & F | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [81] |
Vitamin C 350 mg/kg/day i.p. daily | Prenatal LPS Exposure | Gestational day 8 to 14 | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [82] |
5 mg/kg folate in chow | Maternal low protein diet | Pregnancy | Wistar/M | 15 | Prevented hypertension | [83] |
α-tocopherol 350 mg/kg/day via gavage | Prenatal LPS Exposure | Gestational day 13 to 20 | Wistar/M | 28 | Prevented hypertension | [84] |
Melatonin | ||||||
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal caloric restriction | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [30] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal methyl-donor diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Attenuated hypertension | [38] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal constant light exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [85] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal L-NAME exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [86] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal high-fructose diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [87] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Maternal high-fructose diet plus post-weaning high-salt diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Attenuated hypertension | [88] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Prenatal dexamethasone exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [89] |
0.01% melatonin in drinking water | Prenatal dexamethasone exposure plus post-weaning high-fat diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [90] |
Melatonin 10 mg/kg BW/day in drinking water | Genetic hypertension model | Pregnancy | SHR/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [91] |
Resveratrol | ||||||
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water | Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD rat/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [92] |
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water | Maternal bisphenol A exposure and high-fat diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD rat/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [44] |
0.05% resveratrol in drinking water | Maternal TCDD and dexamethasone exposures | Pregnancy and lactation | SD rat/M | 16 | Prevented hypertension | [45] |
50 mg/L resveratrol in drinking water | Maternal L-NAME plus postnatal high-fat diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD rat/M | 16 | Attenuated hypertension | [93] |
4 g/kg diet resveratrol | Genetic hypertension model | Pregnancy and lactation | SHR/M & F | 20 | Prevented hypertension | [94] |
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) | ||||||
1% NAC in drinking water | Suramin-induced preeclampsia | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [34] |
1% NAC in drinking water | Maternal L-NAME exposure | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [84] |
1% NAC in drinking water | Prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal high-fat diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [95] |
1% NAC in drinking water | Genetic hypertension model | Pregnancy and lactation | SHR/M | 12 | Prevented hypertension | [96] |
NAC 500 mg/kg/day in drinking water | Maternal nicotine exposure | Gestational day 4 to postnatal day 10 | SD/M | 32 | Prevented hypertension | [32] |
Others | ||||||
Conjugated linoleic acid | Maternal high-fat diet | Pregnancy and lactation | SD/M | 18 | Attenuated hypertension | [97] |
Fish oil | Maternal low protein diet | Pregnancy and 10 days after birth | Wistar/M &F | 25 | Prevented hypertension | [98] |
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Hsu, C.-N.; Tain, Y.-L. Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants? Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111034
Hsu C-N, Tain Y-L. Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants? Antioxidants. 2020; 9(11):1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111034
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Chien-Ning, and You-Lin Tain. 2020. "Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants?" Antioxidants 9, no. 11: 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111034
APA StyleHsu, C.-N., & Tain, Y.-L. (2020). Early Origins of Hypertension: Should Prevention Start Before Birth Using Natural Antioxidants? Antioxidants, 9(11), 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111034