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Antioxidants
Volume 8
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10.3390/antiox8060186
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Article

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway

by
Luca Frattaruolo
1,
Gabriele Carullo
1,
Matteo Brindisi
1,
Sarah Mazzotta
1,2,
Luca Bellissimo
1,
Vittoria Rago
1,
Rosita Curcio
1,
Vincenza Dolce
1,
Francesca Aiello
1,* and
Anna Rita Cappello
1,*
1
Department of Pharmacy Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
2
Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof García González, n. 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2019, 8(6), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186
Submission received: 28 May 2019 / Revised: 17 June 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2019 / Published: 20 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Plants Extract)
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Abstract

Inflammation represents an adaptive response generated by injuries or harmful stimuli. Natural remedies represent an interesting alternative to traditional therapies, involving several biochemical pathways. Besides, the valorization of agrochemical wastes nowadays seems to be a feasible way to reduce the health spending and improve the accessibility at bioactive natural compounds. In this context, the chemical composition of three Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) leaf extracts, obtained through maceration or ultrasound-assisted method (fresh and dried leaves) was investigated. A guided fractionation obtained three main components: pinocembrin, glabranin and licoflavanone. All the extracts showed similar antioxidant properties, evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Diammonium Salt (ABTS) assay, while, among the isolated compounds, licoflavanone exhibited the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and the purified compounds was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Extract C and licoflavanone showed a good anti-inflammatory activity without affecting cell viability, as they decreased nitrite levels even when used at 12.5 μg/mL (p < 0.005) and 50 μM concentration (p < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, licoflavanone markedly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase 2/inducible nitric oxide synthase (COX-2/iNOS) expression levels (p < 0.001). A modulation of nuclear factor kappa B/mitogen-activated protein kinases (NF-kB/MAPK) pathway underlay such behavior, highlighting the potential of this natural compound as a new scaffold in anti-inflammatory drug research.
Keywords: pinocembrin; licoflavanone; Glycyrrhiza glabra; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory activity; NF-kB/MAPK pathway pinocembrin; licoflavanone; Glycyrrhiza glabra; antioxidant activity; anti-inflammatory activity; NF-kB/MAPK pathway
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MDPI and ACS Style

Frattaruolo, L.; Carullo, G.; Brindisi, M.; Mazzotta, S.; Bellissimo, L.; Rago, V.; Curcio, R.; Dolce, V.; Aiello, F.; Cappello, A.R. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186

AMA Style

Frattaruolo L, Carullo G, Brindisi M, Mazzotta S, Bellissimo L, Rago V, Curcio R, Dolce V, Aiello F, Cappello AR. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(6):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frattaruolo, Luca, Gabriele Carullo, Matteo Brindisi, Sarah Mazzotta, Luca Bellissimo, Vittoria Rago, Rosita Curcio, Vincenza Dolce, Francesca Aiello, and Anna Rita Cappello. 2019. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway" Antioxidants 8, no. 6: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186

APA Style

Frattaruolo, L., Carullo, G., Brindisi, M., Mazzotta, S., Bellissimo, L., Rago, V., Curcio, R., Dolce, V., Aiello, F., & Cappello, A. R. (2019). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) Leaf Phytocomplexes: Identification of Licoflavanone as a Modulator of NF-kB/MAPK Pathway. Antioxidants, 8(6), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186

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